Friction and Wear Behavior of a Physical Vapor Deposition Coating Studied Using a Micro-Scratch Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaouther Khlifi ◽  
Hafedh Dhiflaoui ◽  
Chokri Ben Aissa ◽  
Najoua Barhoumi ◽  
Ahmed Ben Cheikh Larbi
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Wear Coefficient

Abstract CrSiN coating was deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering on XC100 steel substrate. Microstructural and morphological properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanoindentation and scratching experiments were conducted to study the mechanical and adhesion behavior. Multi-pass scratch tests were conducted under different sliding conditions. Results showed that CrSiN coating has a dense and compact nanocomposite microstructure consisting of CrN nanocrystallites and SiN amorphous matrix. The CrSiN thin film exhibit hardness and Young's modulus of 30.52 ± 1.85 GPa and 338.32 ± 13.5 GPa, respectively. The H/E, H3/E2, and 1/HE2 ratios were also calculated (H/E ≈ 0.09, H3/E2 ≈ 0.024, and 1/HE2 ≈ 2.86 × 10−07) and used to predict and assess the elastic/plastic and wear resistance. Critical loads LC1, LC2, and LC3 obtained with scratch test, were, respectively, 11.5 ± 0.12, 16.6 ± 0.23, and 20 ± 0.35 N. Multi-pass scratch were analyzed and the friction coefficient (COF), the damage mechanism, and wear volume were determined. The use of an energetic approach allowed to determine the energetic wear coefficient. CrSiN coating revealed a low friction coefficient (around 0.1) and a low energetic wear coefficient (6.3 × 10−7 mm3/N.m). In addition, it was found that multi-pass scratch method has the potential to extract relevant information about wear behavior.

Wear of Physical Vapor Deposition TiN Coatings Sliding Against Cr-Steel and WC Counterbodies

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kee-Rong Wu ◽  
Raymond G. Bayer ◽  
Peter A. Engel ◽  
D. C. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Deposition Temperature ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Chromium Steel ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Tin Coatings ◽  
Auger Microscopy

Cutting tools are often coated with titanium nitride (TiN) for its good wear resistance. The method of coating by physical vapor deposition (PVD) has many superior features over other methods of deposition. Among the parameters affecting the wear resistance of PVD TiN coatings, the most crucial ones are the deposition temperature and the coating thickness. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the wear characteristics of PVD TiN coatings produced at two deposition temperatures (around 220°C and 371°C) and for a range of coating thicknesses (0.48 μm to 3.25 μm). A ball-on-flat configuration was used in the study. The flat specimen, made of M2 tool steel coated with TiN, was slid against a 52100 chromium steel (Cr-steel) or a tungsten carbide (WC) ball, dry. These two counterbody materials were chosen because of their different properties. The wear volume was measured and wear scar examined with a 3-D optical profilometer. The worn surfaces and debris were analyzed with scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) and an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Quantitative data were obtained for the wear volume and coefficient of friction (COF) as functions of the sliding cycles. In the case of TiN versus Cr-steel, the presence of transferred wear debris on the flattened ball surface and iron oxide in the wear tracks of the coating surface was a major factor controlling the wear behavior. In the case of TiN versus WC, no transferred layers were observed; instead, the presence of flake type debris from the coating in the wear tracks appeared to be the controlling factor. It was concluded that deposition temperature, coating thickness, and counterface influenced wear behavior. For the lower deposition temperature, wear was significantly reduced by thinner coatings. However, for the higher deposition temperature, wear reduction was only obtained with the Cr-steel counterface.

scholarly journals Characterization of Thin Chromium Coatings Produced by PVD Sputtering for Optical Applications

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Andreia A. Ferreira ◽  
Francisco J. G. Silva ◽  
Arnaldo G. Pinto ◽  
Vitor F. C. Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Deposition Processes ◽  
Optical Applications

PVD (physical vapor deposition) and CVD (chemical vapor deposition) have gained greater significance in the last two decades with the mandatory shift from electrodeposition processes to clean deposition processes due to environmental, public safety, and health concerns. Due to the frequent use of coatings in several industrial sectors, the importance of studying the chromium coating processes through PVD–sputtering can be realized, investing in a real alternative to electroplated hexavalent chromium, usually denominated by chromium 6, regularly applied in electrodeposition processes of optical products in the automotive industry. At an early stage, experimental tests were carried out to understand which parameters are most suitable for obtaining chromium coatings with optical properties. To study the coating in a broad way, thickness and roughness analysis of the coatings obtained using SEM and AFM, adhesion analyzes with the scratch-test and transmittance by spectrophotometry were carried out. It was possible to determine that the roughness and transmittance decreased with the increase in the number of layers, the thickness of the coating increased linearly, and the adhesion and resistance to climatic tests remained positive throughout the study. Thus, this study allows for the understanding that thin multilayered Cr coatings can be applied successfully to polymeric substrates regarding optical applications in the automotive industry.

scholarly journals Application of a Novel CVD TiN Coating on a Biomedical Co–Cr Alloy: An Evaluation of Coating Layer and Substrate Characteristics

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Hoon Song ◽  
Bong Ki Min ◽  
Min-Ho Hong ◽  
Tae-Yub Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Cast Alloy ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Tin Coating ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Coated Alloy

Titanium nitride (TiN) was deposited on the surface of a cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloy by a hot-wall type chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor at 850 °C, and the coating characteristics were compared with those of a physical vapor deposition (PVD) TiN coating deposited on the same alloy at 450 °C. Neither coating showed any reactions at the interface. The face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of the alloy was changed into a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase, and recrystallization occurred over at 10 μm of depth from the surface after CVD coating. Characteristic precipitates were also generated incrementally depending on the depth, unlike the precipitates in the matrix of the as-cast alloy. On the other hand, the microstructure and phase of the PVD-coated alloy did not change. Depth-dependent nano-hardness measurements showed a greater increase in hardness in the recrystallization zone of the CVD-coated alloy than in the bulk center of the alloy. The CVD coating showed superior adhesion to the PVD coating in the progressive scratch test. The as-cast, PVD-coated, and CVD-coated alloys all showed negative cytotoxicity. Within the limitations of this study, CVD TiN coating to biomedical Co–Cr alloy may be considered a promising alternative to PVD technique.

Effect of Working Conditions on the Lubricated Wear Behavior of Zn-40Al-2Cu-2Si Alloy in the As-Cast and T6 Heat-Treated States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Temel Savaşkan ◽  
Ali Paşa Hekimoğlu ◽  
Zeki Azakli ◽  
Merve Çaliş
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Average Surface Roughness ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Oil Flow

Abstract In order to determine the effect of working conditions on the lubricated wear behavior of Zn-40Al-2Cu-2Si alloy in the as cast and T6 heat-treated states, its tribological properties were studied at different oil flow rates, contact pressures, and sliding speeds in comparison with SAE 660 bronze. It was observed that the friction coefficient, temperature, and wear volume of both materials decrease, but their average surface roughness increase with increasing oil flow rate. As the pressure increased, the friction coefficient and average surface roughness of the experimental materials decreased, but their temperature and wear volume increased. It was also found that the working temperature of these materials increased, but their wear volume showed a decrement and a subsequent increment with increasing sliding speed. In addition, their wear volume and average surface roughness showed opposite changes with the sliding speed. The results of the lubricated friction and wear tests were discussed in terms of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the experimental materials and test conditions. Zn-40Al-2Cu-2Si alloy in both as cast and heat-treated conditions showed lower wear volume and friction coefficient than SAE 660 bronze. This indicates that Zn-40Al-2Cu-2Si alloy can be used to manufacture diesel engine crankshaft journal bearings.

scholarly journals An Investigation on Surface Roughness and Tool Wear in Turning Operation of Inconel 718

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selim Gürgen ◽  
Dinçer Tali ◽  
Melih Cemal Kushan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Inconel 718 ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Experimental Parameter ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Turning Operation ◽  
Coating Methods

This paper investigates the influences of three different input parameters, such as feed rate, insert nose radius, and insert coating methods, in the turning operation of Inconel 718. The coating methods were selected as medium temperature chemical vapor deposition (MT-CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) and in addition to coating methods, the role of various coating materials was discussed since the inserts were coated with multi-layers of TiCN/Al2O3/TiN and single-layer of TiAlN on carbide substrates. The results were discussed in terms of wear behavior of cutting tools and surface quality of the workpiece, which is indicated by surface roughness. A full factorial experimental design was employed in the present work and the results were evaluated using main effects plots. Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was applied to specify both reactive and non-reactive effects of experimental parameter reactions. The results showed that surface roughness is reduced using low feed rates and large nosed inserts in the operations. Furthermore, TiAlN-coated inserts with PVD method provided better surface finish than with MT-CVD method. It was also found that surface roughness increases as the wear rate of inserts increases.

Evolution of TiN Coating Surface Roughness during Physical Vapor Deposition on High Speed Steel Substrate

2014 ◽  
Vol 604 ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Leonid Kupchenko ◽  
Rauno Tali ◽  
Eron Adoberg ◽  
Valdek Mikli ◽  
Vitali Podgursky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Growth Exponent ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Tin Coatings ◽  
Atomic Force

TiN coatings with different thickness were prepared by arc ion plating (AIP) physical vapor deposition (PVD) on high speed steel (HSS) substrates. TiN coatings surface roughness was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 3D optical profilometry and growth kinetics was described using scaling exponents β and α. The growth exponent β is 0.91-1.0 and the roughness exponent α is 0.77-0.81. Due to relatively high value of the exponent α, the surface diffusion is likely predominant smoothening mechanism of TiN growth.

Effect of Hardness and Position on Wear Behavior of Steel Pairs

2012 ◽  
Vol 263-266 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Zhu Jun Li ◽  
Zheng Wu Jiang ◽  
Huan Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Small Impact ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

In this paper, the effect of hardness and position on the 40CrNiMoA steel and 18Cr2Ni4WA steel friction pairs’ friction coefficient and wear volume were studied without lubrication, at room temperature. The results show that: Under test conditions, the fluctuation in the friction coefficient is bigger, when the up specimen is the harder 18Cr2Ni4WA steel. And when the up specimen is the softer 40CrNiMoA steel, the fluctuation in the friction coefficient is relatively small. When the up specimen is the 40CrNiMoA steel, the hardness of 40CrNiMoA steel is a relatively small impact on the average value of the coefficient of friction.When the up specimen is the softer 40CrNiMoA steel, the coefficient of friction is relatively larger than that when the up specimen is the harder 18Cr2Ni4WA steel. The wear volumes is relate to the position of friction pair. When the up specimen is the harder 18Cr2Ni4WA steel, both sides of the friction pairs has the same wear volumes when the hardness of 40CrNiMoA steel is about 43HRC. When the up specimen is softer 40CrNiMoA steel, and its hardness is about 54HRC, the wear volumes curves of two materials intersect.

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