Enhancing the Solidification Between Mud Cake and Wall Rock for Cementing Applications: Experimental Investigation and Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Bai ◽  
Yuqian Xu ◽  
Xuepeng Zhang ◽  
Xuemei Yong ◽  
Tao Ning
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Wall Rock ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
Mud Cake ◽  
Rock Interface ◽  
Energy Disperse Spectroscopy ◽  
Cementing Agent

Abstract In conventional cementing operations, the mud cake on the well wall cannot be completely removed， which can easily lead to annular channeling. In order to reduce the influence of loose and fragile mud cake on cementing, a kind of mud cake curing agent is used to effectively improve the curing quality of mud cake and rock. In this article, the mud cake compressive strength are tested by compression-testing machine. The samples are analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the cementing agent can significantly improve the cementation strength between mud cake and wall rock. A variety of hydration products were resulted such as CaAl2Si2O8 · 4H2O, Ca(SiO4)2(OH)2, and Mg4Al2(OH)14 · 3H2O, as revealed from the XRD analysis. In addition, it was found that the formation of hydration products is the main reason for the increase of cementation strength. The flocculent inclusions filled with solid particles are formed on the solid particles of the mud cake, which makes an integrated cementation at the interface between mud cake and wall rock. A large amount of cations including Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+ are collected at the cementation interface, which is the basic condition for various hydration reactions and helps to enhance the cementation strength of the mud cake and rock interface.

Solidifying Mud Cake to Improve Cementing Quality of Shale Gas Well: A Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Gu ◽  
Ju Huang ◽  
Su Zhang ◽  
Xinzhong Hu ◽  
Hangxiang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Calcium Silicate Hydrate ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Cement Slurry ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Mud Cake ◽  
Gas Bearing

The purpose of this study is to improve the cementing quality of shale gas well by mud cake solidification, as well as to provide the better annular isolation for its hydraulic fracturing development. Based on the self-established experimental method and API RP 10, the effects of mud cake solidifiers on the shear strength at cement-interlayer interface (SSCFI) were evaluated. After curing for 3, 7, 15 and 30 days, SSCFI was remarkably improved by 629.03%, 222.37%, 241.43% and 273.33%, respectively, compared with the original technology. Moreover, the compatibility among the mud cake solidifier, cement slurry, drilling fluid and prepad fluid meets the safety requirements for cementing operation. An application example in a shale gas well (Yuanye HF-1) was also presented. The high quality ratio of cementing quality is 93.49% of the whole well section, while the unqualified ratio of adjacent well (Yuanba 9) is 84.46%. Moreover, the cementing quality of six gas-bearing reservoirs is high. This paper also discussed the mechanism of mud cake solidification. The reactions among H3AlO42- and H3SiO4- from alkali-dissolved reaction, Na+ and H3SiO4- in the mud cake solidifiers, and Ca2+ and OH- from cement slurry form the natrolite and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) with different silicate-calcium ratio. Based on these, SSCFI and cementing quality were improved.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Plastic Waste Processing in the Modern Recycling Plant Operating in Poland

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Szostak ◽  
Piotr Duda ◽  
Andrzej Duda ◽  
Natalia Górska ◽  
Arkadiusz Fenicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distillation Column ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Fuel Components ◽  
The Eu

Although Poland is one of the leading recipients of the waste stream in the European Union (EU), it is at the same time below the average in terms of efficiency of their use/utilization. The adopted technological solutions cause waste processing rates to be relatively low in Poland. As a result, the report of the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) of the EU indicated Poland as one of the 14 countries of the EU which are at risk in terms of possibility of achieving 50% recycling of waste. This article discusses the implemented technological solutions, and shows the profitability of the investment and the values of the process heat demand both for extractor and reactor. The experimental part analyzed the composition of the input and output of the process and compared it to the required fuel specifications. Attention was drawn to the need to improve the recycling process in order to increase the quality of manufactured fuel components. As potential ways of solving the problem of low fuel quality, cleaning the sorted reaction mass from solid particles and extending the technological line with a distillation column have been proposed. The recommended direction of improvement of the technology is also the optimization of the process of the reactor’s purification and removal of contaminants.

Development of Ternary Concrete Utilizing Agricultural Waste Material

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kumari ◽  
Dhirendra Singhal ◽  
Rinku Walia ◽  
Ajay Rathee
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Maize Cob

Abstract The present project proposes to utilize rice husk and maize cob husk ash in the cement to mitigate the adverse impact of cement on environment and to enhance the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner. Ternary concrete / MR concrete was prepared by using rise husk and maize cob ash with cement. For the present project, five concrete mixes MR-0 (Control mix), MR-1 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-2 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-5%), MR-3 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-4 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%) were prepared. M35 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 for low slump values 0-25mm. The purpose is to find the optimum replacement level of cement in M35 grade ternary concrete for I – Shaped paver blocks.In order to study the effects of these additions, micro-structural and structural properties test of concretes have been conducted. The crystalline properties of control mix and modified concrete are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that 10% Rice husk ash and 5% maize cob ash replaced with cement produce a desirable quality of ternary concrete mix having good compressive strength. The results of SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of both concrete were different, showing porous structure at 7 days age and become unsymmetrical with the addition of ashes. After 28 day age, the control mix contained more quantity of ettringite and became denser than ternary concrete. XRD analysis revealed the presence of portlandite in large quantity in controlled mix concrete while MR concrete had the partially hydrated particle of alite.

Wear and Corrosion Behaviours of FeCrNiSi Alloy Coatings by Laser Cladding

2017 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 1406-1413
Author(s):  
Yu Long Qi ◽  
Hai Yan Chen ◽  
Chen Yang Shu ◽  
Xuan Zhao ◽  
Li Hua Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Surface Mapping

Soft and hard FeCrNiSi alloy coatings were obtained on 30CrMo alloy steel surface by laser cladding. The phase constitution, microstructure, frictional wear behavior and corrosion resistance of the composite coating were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), three-dimensional non-contact surface mapping, friction and wear testing machine and electrochemical workstation, separately. XRD analysis showed that the cladding layer was mainly composed of Fe-based alloy composition, accompanied by a small amount of cobalt nickel alloy. There were massive protrusions in the interface of the soft sample, and the coating was regularly dendritic. Hard sample coating lines were cluttered, and there was no bulk deposition. Under the same wear condition, the soft coating exhibited serious abrasive wear, while the hard coating had slight abrasive wear behavior. The polarization curves in 3%NaCl solution revealed that the self-corrosion potential of the soft coating was positive shifted more than that the hard coating. The soft coating has better corrosion resistance than the hard coating.

scholarly journals Optimization of process parameters in the RF-DC plasma N2-H2 for AISI420 molds and dies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hengky Herdianto ◽  
Dionisius Johanes Djoko Herry Santjojo ◽  
Masruroh
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Iron Nitrides ◽  
Dc Plasma ◽  
Precision Forging ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽  
Dc Bias ◽  
Substrate Surfaces

The RF-DC plasma N2-H2 was used to make precise AISI420 molds and dies have complex textured geometry. The quality of the molds and dies directly affect the quality of the produced parts. The excellent examples of molds were used for injection molding lenses and dies used for the precision forging of automotive drive train components. In this study, a temperature, DC bias, and duration as process parameters of the RF-DC plasma N2-H2 have been optimized for molds and dies fabrication. The mask-less micro-patterned method was utilized to draw the initial 2D micro patterns directly onto the AISI420 substrate surface. The unprinted substrate surfaces were selectively nitrided by the RF-DC plasma N2-H2 at 673 K for 5400 s by 70 Pa with hollow cathode device. Energy Dispersive X-ray was utilized to describe the nitrogen content distribution at the vicinity of the border between the unprinted surfaces. This exclusive nitrogen mapping proves that only the unprinted parts of the substrate have high content nitrogen solutes. XRD analysis was performed to investigate whether the iron nitrides were precipitated by RF-DC plasma N2-H2 in the AISI420.

The Role of Solid Particles Obtained from Plant Materials in Improvement the Quality of Cosmetic Care Balms

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Tomasz Wasilewski ◽  
Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska ◽  
Tomasz Bujak ◽  
Edyta Szmuc ◽  
Dominik Czerwonka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Cosmetic Emulsions

Abstract The sensory properties of cosmetic emulsions are part of the basic properties of products such as face creams and body balms. They are extremely important parameters in the product evaluation by consumers. Cosmetics manufacturers are increasingly introducing ingredients in the form of solid particles (talc, bentonite, clay) into formulations to improve the sensory properties of products. Their addition simplifies the application of the emulsion on the skin, effects faster absorption and leaves a feeling of silky smoothness after application. During the work, we investigated solid particles of plant origin: powder from ground orange peel and oat grain. These ingredients were introduced into the formulation of the model body balms. The antioxidant and physicochemical properties of the obtained emulsions as well as the skin hydration after their application were evaluated. It has been shown that the introduction of solid plant particles increases the antioxidant properties of the emulsions and significantly improves emulsion stability and skin moisture after application.

Performance Improvement Of Shrink-Fitted Assemblies by Surface Strengthening

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Ramamoorthy ◽  
V Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Ball Burnishing ◽  
Surface Strength ◽  
Interference Fit ◽  
Surface Strengthening ◽  
Compressive Stresses ◽  
Universal Testing

Interference fits are widely used in engineering applications. Many methods have been tried out to improve the strength of interference fits by improving the quality of the mating surfaces. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the strength of the assemblies after ball burnishing the shafts, which improves the surface finish and also imparts the surface strength by way of improving the hardness and residual compressive stresses. The assemblies were soaked for different duration times at elevated temperature and then the axial load-bearing tests were carried out in a Universal testing machine. The surface strengthening of shafts by burnishing and ageing of assemblies at high temperature resulted in considerable improvement of strength of the interference fit assemblies. This paper discusses the experimental investigations in detail and analyses the strength obtained from them.

scholarly journals Scale-Up of Solid-Liquid Mixing Based on Constant Power/Volume and Equal Blend Time Using VisiMix Simulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Megawati ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Karwono ◽  
Waliyuddin Sammadikun ◽  
Rofiatun Musfiroh
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Liquid Mixing ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Tank Geometry ◽  
Impeller Geometry

Mixing is one of the important process in many areas of chemical industries, for instance pharmaceutical, drug, ink, paint and other industries. Solid-liquid suspension is produced for 80% of all mixing industries such as leaching process, crystallization process, catalytic reactions, precipitation, coagulation, dissolution and other applications. Two main objectives in solid-liquid mixing namely, avoid settling of solid particles on the tank bottom and ensure the solid particles are uniformly distributed. Many factors that can affect the quality of solid-liquid mixing, they are tank geometry, impeller geometry and speed, baffles, viscosity and density of media. Scale-up of the process is important to conduct before produce it on commercial scale. Two parameters for scale-up solid-liquid mixing are equal blend time and power per volume. Before scaling up the process to industrial scale, an engineer must know the condition of the mixture between both of two. VisiMix can simulating scale-up of solid-liquid mixing in order to know the phenomena inside the tank without conducting a large number of experiments and cheaper. The simulation start from keep the ratio of impeller to tank diameter remains constant, then change the condition operation of mixing. In this paper, power per volume parameter is more recommended as a result of the degree of uniformity of solid phase in liquid.

Effect of Isostatic GAS Pressure on Optical Quality of MgAl2O4 Spinel

1991 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Hsu ◽  
C.T. Wang ◽  
D.S. Tsai ◽  
S.J. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Pressure Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Bimodal Grain Size ◽  
Hip Process

ABSTRACTOptical transparent MgAl2O4 spinel is obtained by processing with high gas pressure to eliminate or reduce the residual pores. Both hot–pressed and sintered specimens are post–treated by the high argon hipping process here. The densities of all the specimens before hipping are over 99% theoretical density. In the high gas pressure process, the pressure ranges from 2000 to 30000psi at 1500°C for 2hrs. The transmittance from visible to IR are measured before and after gas pressure treatment. The transparency from visible to IR increases significantly with the HIP process. When applied pressure less than 6000psi, bulk density is proportional to the logarithm of the pressure and the logarithm of the absorption coefficient is proportional to the porosity. Bimodal grain–size distribution exists in the sintered and hipped specimens but is not observed in the uniaxial–hot–pressed–only samples. XRD analysis indicates the width of the diffraction peaks in the HIP specimens is less than that in UAHP specimens. The result illustrates the HIP process improves the spinel crystallinity.

How to Evaluate the Effect of Mud Cake on Cement Bond Quality of Second Interface?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Yong ◽  
Cui Mao Rong ◽  
Guo Yang ◽  
Shi Qing ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Bond Quality ◽  
Mud Cake ◽  
Cement Bond Quality
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