Energy Analysis of Solar Home Lighting System With Microcontroller-Based Charge Controller

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh S. Werulkar ◽  
P. S. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Circuit Simulation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Gain Loss

In this paper, a solar powered home lighting system in the Electrical Engineering Department of Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur is analyzed for energy using a personal computer simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (circuit simulation software, PSpice 9.1). The home lighting system consists of a solar panel of 37 Wp, a 45 Ah battery, a solar charge controller, dc loads of two 9 W compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and a dc fan of 14 W. Through the solar panel, the battery is charged during day time. In the night, when solar power is not available, the battery provides power as a backup to the dc load consisting of two CFLs and a dc fan. The aim of the paper is to analyze the solar home lighting system for energy gain/loss with a microcontroller-based charge controller. From the analysis, it is concluded that the solar home lighting system is not designed for continuous energy gain as per manufacturer's specifications. The design needs to be modified to have energy gain in the system for Nagpur, India. A designed microcontroller-based charge controller is also analyzed. The advantages of a microcontroller 89C2051-based charge controller are its simple design, low cost, logic change facility with change of programming of microcontroller, presence of liquid crystal display (LCD) with battery charge status, and display of different messages. Ride software is used as an assembler for generating the required hex file of program and it is used for burning in the microcontroller IC with the help of Vegarobokit (a microcontroller programmer developer) to make a microcontroller programmer.

Mechanical and Electrical Study of Linear Spring and J-Spring

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lunyu Ma ◽  
Qi Zhu ◽  
Suresh K. Sitaraman
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Technology Roadmap ◽  
Linear Spring ◽  
Compliant Interconnect ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The integrated circuit (IC) fabrication technology continues to push the limits of microelectronics packaging technologies. Today millions of transistors can be fabricated in a chip of about 1 cm × 1 cm in size, and the required I/O density is about 1600/cm2. Although tremendous advances have been made in die to substrate interconnect technologies as well as substrate/PWB technologies, these advances have not kept pace with advances in semiconductor technology, and therefore, continue to be a bottleneck for further advances in semiconductor technologies. In addition to fabrication constraints, low cost and reliability are other requirements that affect interconnect development. Wafer-level Packaging (WLP) is an effective solution to address some of these issues. A compliant interconnect, called “J-Spring”, has been proposed and developed at Georgia Institute of Technology. Although based on the same concept of inherent stress-gradient used in the linear spring, the J-Spring will provide greater in-plane compliance. These compliant interconnects can be fabricated in batch at wafer level and the pitch can be as low as 30 μm. The fine pitch can meet and exceed the requirements of International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS) for 2011 [ITRS, 2001] and beyond. J-Springs with different radius, angle, width, and release length have been fabricated on a test wafer. Numerical model has been created to determine the release height based on J-Spring geometry and stress gradients. Also, the compliance of J-Spring has been determined in three orthogonal directions using parametric numerical models. The compliance of J-Spring is compared with the compliance of the linear spring. The proposed compliant interconnects can accommodate the differential displacement due to CTE mismatch between the die and the substrate. In addition, to their mechanical characteristics, their electrical characteristics have been studied as well. The electrical characteristics are dependent on the geometry, dimensions and the materials used.

scholarly journals Electrospray Propulsion Engineering Toolkit (ESPET)

Aerospace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Benjamin St. Peter ◽  
Rainer A. Dressler ◽  
Yu-hui Chiu ◽  
Timothy Fedkiw
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Circuit Simulation ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Performance Estimation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Microfluidic Network

We report on the development of a software tool, the Electrospray Propulsion Engineering Toolkit (ESPET), that is currently being shared as a web application with the purpose to accelerate the development of electrospray thruster arrays for space propulsion. ESPET can be regarded as a database of microfluidic properties and electrohydrodynamic scaling models that are combined into a performance estimation tool. The multiscale model integrates experimental high-level physics characterization of microfluidic components in a full-scale electrospray propulsion (ESP) microfluidic network performance solution. ESPET takes an engineering model approach that breaks the ESP system down into multiple microfluidic components or domains that can be described by either analytical microfluidic or reduced order numerical solutions. ESPET can be divided into three parts: a central database of critical microfluidic properties, a microfluidic domain modeler, and a microfluidic network solver. Two options exist for the network solution, a detailed multi-domain solver and a QuickSolver designed for rapid design and testing of simple three-domain reservoir-feed-emitter arrays. The multi-domain network solver exploits the Hagen–Poiseuille/Ohm’s law analogy by using the publicly available SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) electric circuit simulation software to solve the flow properties of the microfluidic network. Both the multi-domain and QuickSolver solutions offer Monte Carlo analysis of arrays based on user supplied tolerances on design parameters. Benchmarking demonstration examples are provided for experimental work in the literature, as well as recent experimental work conducted at Busek Co. The demonstration examples include ionic liquid propelled systems using active and passive capillary emitters, externally wetted emitter needles, and porous glass emitters, as well as a liquid metal system based on an externally wetted emitter needle.

Contradiction Analysis and Solution in the R&D of High-Power Solar LED Street Lamp Controller

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Zhengwang Xu ◽  
Wei Mei ◽  
Jiaqi Yu ◽  
Jiarui Zhang ◽  
Yuchun Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Battery Voltage ◽  
Supply Circuit ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Power Supply Circuit ◽  
Side Mode ◽  
Dual Power

As being restricted by factors such as cost, efficiency and size, the development of high-power solar LED street light controller is faced with plenty of difficulties. In case that a structure of two independent DC/DC is applied as the main circuit, it has to face problems such as large size and high cost; in case of applying the bidirectional BUCK/BOOST circuit, it requires change-over switches to control the solar panel and LED light. As being restricted by withstanding voltage, on-resistance and cost, a PMOS device cannot be used as the change-over switch of solar panel and LED light. However, when being used as a change-over switch, an NMOS device must apply the low-side mode under which the negative ends of the mentioned three parts are cut off. In the condition of applying the low-side mode, a differential circuit must be used to detect the voltage of the solar panel. Furthermore, in order to make sure batteries can still be regularly charged after wearing out in daylight, the controller must be supplied with power through a dual power supply circuit that can obtain power from both the solar panel and the battery. The demander has a requirement on extremely low standby power consumption of the product, and thus it is necessary to minimize the circuit that is live while working in standby mode. Methods: The bidirectional BUCK/BOOST circuit structure is applied to the main circuit to realize a higher change-over efficiency while giving considerations to both cost and size. The NMOS device, model IRFB4410ZPBF, with a price of about three yuan, is used as the switching device, and the low-side mode is applied, that is the switches inserted in between negative end of the solar panel or LED light and that of the DC/DC circuit. The low-cost rail-to-rail operational amplifier LM358 is used to form a differential amplification circuit for detecting the voltage of the solar panel. A XL1509-12E1 chip that only costs 0.88 yuan/pc is selected as the main change-over chip for the power supply, which has realized the highly-efficient and low-cost change-over of the power supply. A dual power supply circuit and a step-down protective circuit are designed for the XL1509-12E1 change-over chip. By comparing solar panel voltage with battery voltage, the solar panel booting circuit is realized. Only when solar panel voltage is higher than battery voltage, does the system program start to power it up for running, so that the outage of most of the circuits of the system under standby mode does not consume energy. Furthermore, the solar panel voltage detecting circuit, the solar panel booting circuit and several return difference functions are corrected during system debugging. Results: The circuit board of the entire controller features small size, low cost and high efficiency. It measures about 100*62*18mm in size, costs about 60 yuan, and the charge/discharge change-over efficiency reaches up to over 95%. The controller has many functions: it is capable of operating within a large scope, in which, solar panel voltage is subject to 15~50V, LED light voltage is subject to 15~60V, battery voltage is subject to 10~35V and battery-end charge/discharge current is 10A; it is capable of adapting to monocrystalline silicon/multicrystalline silicon/thin-film and many other kinds of solar panels, as well as lithium/lead-acid and many other kinds of batteries; it is capable of detecting the conversion of day and night, automatically controlling charging and discharging and automatically making adaptive adjustment according to seasonal variations; the current to be consumed during standby will be maintained below 3mA, and thus the power consumption is extremely low. Conclusion: By selecting the bidirectional BUCK/BOOST circuit structure, applying low-side mode for switching of solar panel and LED light, using a differential circuit to detect solar panel voltage, using a low-cost DC/DC chip to realize power supply change-over, designing a dual power supply circuit, introducing solar panel booting circuit and other hardware design, as well as MPPT algorithm, state recognition and control, return difference control and other software design, a solar LED street light control product featuring small size, low cost, high efficiency and multiple functions is successfully developed.

Programmable Integrated Photonics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Capmany ◽  
Daniel Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
External Control ◽  
Integrated Photonics ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuit ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Application Fields

Programmable Integrated Photonics (PIP) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that, in turn, can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmability enables by means of external control signals both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operation due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows activating parts of the chip, which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections. After some years where the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (ASPIC) paradigm has completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there is an increasing interest in PIP justified by the surge of a number of emerging applications that are and will be calling for true flexibility, reconfigurability as well as low-cost, compact and low-power consuming devices. This book aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this emergent field covering aspects that range from the basic aspects of technologies and building photonic component blocks to the design alternatives and principles of complex programmable photonics circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focuses mainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics as compared to more traditional ASPIC approaches.

Evaluation of a Low-Cost Permanent Emergency Lighting System Based on High-Efficiency LEDs

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1386-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rico-Secades ◽  
A.J. Calleja ◽  
J. Ribas ◽  
E.L. Corominas ◽  
J.M. Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lighting System

Hybrid simulation of the Apollo guidance and navigation system

SIMULATION ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Navigation System ◽  
Hybrid Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Software Models ◽  
Digital Hardware ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Navigation Equipment

A hybrid simulation of the guidance and navigation system of the Apollo spacecraft is underway at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instrumentation Laboratory. The Apollo Guidance and Navigation equipment is digital, elec tronic, and electromechanical. The guidance and naviga tion analog and digital hardware is combined in simulation with analog and digital computers so that the hardware will be subjected to dynamic conditions approaching those found in a space environment. The instrumentation of the Apollo Guidance and Navi gation System is described as well as its adaptation to the hybrid simulation. Software models are discussed to indi cate some of the varied problems considered. Digital pro cedures which are designed to support the operator and enhance the reliability of the simulation are described. In conclusion, it becomes apparent that the judicious use of computers, together with guidance and navigation hardware and software, makes it possible to simulate in real time any part of the Apollo mission from lift-off to splash-down.

scholarly journals Hybrid Spine Simulator Prototype for X-ray Free Pedicle Screws Fixation Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Sara Condino ◽  
Giuseppe Turini ◽  
Virginia Mamone ◽  
Paolo Domenico Parchi ◽  
Vincenzo Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Pedicle Screws ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Harmful Radiation

Simulation for surgical training is increasingly being considered a valuable addition to traditional teaching methods. 3D-printed physical simulators can be used for preoperative planning and rehearsal in spine surgery to improve surgical workflows and postoperative patient outcomes. This paper proposes an innovative strategy to build a hybrid simulation platform for training of pedicle screws fixation: the proposed method combines 3D-printed patient-specific spine models with augmented reality functionalities and virtual X-ray visualization, thus avoiding any exposure to harmful radiation during the simulation. Software functionalities are implemented by using a low-cost tracking strategy based on fiducial marker detection. Quantitative tests demonstrate the accuracy of the method to track the vertebral model and surgical tools, and to coherently visualize them in either the augmented reality or virtual fluoroscopic modalities. The obtained results encourage further research and clinical validation towards the use of the simulator as an effective tool for training in pedicle screws insertion in lumbar vertebrae.

A MESFET Variable-Capacitance Model for GaAs Integrated Circuit Simulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Takada ◽  
Yokoyama ◽  
Kiyoyuki ◽  
M. Ida ◽  
T. Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Circuit Simulation ◽  
Variable Capacitance ◽  
Capacitance Model
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