Black Liquor Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Consonni ◽  
E. D. Larson ◽  
T. G. Kreutz ◽  
N. Berglin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Performance Modeling ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Generation Rate ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Kraft Process

The kraft process dominates pulp and paper production worldwide. Black liquor, a mixture of lignin and inorganic chemicals, is generated in this process as fiber is extracted from wood. At most kraft mills today, black liquor is burned in Tomlinson boilers to produce steam for on-site heat and power and to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the process. Globally, the black liquor generation rate is about 85,000 MWfuel (or 0.5 million tonnes of dry solids per day), with nearly 50 percent of this in North America. The majority of presently installed Tomlinson boilers will reach the end of their useful lives during the next 5 to 20 years. As a replacement for Tomlinson-based cogeneration, black liquor-gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration promises higher electrical efficiency, with prospective environmental, safety, and capital cost benefits for kraft mills. Several companies are pursuing commercialization of black liquor gasification for gas turbine applications. This paper presents results of detailed performance modeling of gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration systems using different black liquor gasifiers modeled on proposed commercial designs.

scholarly journals Black Liquor-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Consonni ◽  
Eric D. Larson ◽  
Niklas Berglin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Performance Modeling ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Generation Rate ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Kraft Process

The kraft process dominates pulp and paper production worldwide. Black liquor, a mixture of lignin and inorganic chemicals, is generated in this process as fiber is extracted from wood. At most kraft mills today, black liquor is burned in Tomlinson boilers to produce steam for on-site heat and power and to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the process. Globally, the black liquor generation rate is about 85,000 MWfuel (or 0.5 million tonnes of dry solids per day), with nearly 50% of this in North America. The majority of presently-installed Tomlinson boilers will reach the end of their useful lives during the next 15 to 20 years. As a replacement for Tomlinson-based cogeneration, black liquor-gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration promises higher electrical efficiency, with prospective environmental, safety, and capital cost benefits for kraft mills. Several companies are pursuing commercialization of black liquor gasification for gas turbine applications. This paper presents results of detailed performance modeling of gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration systems using different black liquor gasifiers modeled on proposed commercial designs.

Biorefinery implementation for recovery debottlenecking at existing pulp mills - Part I: Potential for debottlenecking

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAKIM GHEZZAZ ◽  
LUC PELLETIER ◽  
PAUL R. STUART
Keyword(s):  
Black Liquor ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Process Strategy

Depending on the process strategy employed, implementation of the biorefinery into an existing pulp and paper mill can often help with process debottlenecking, and enable increased pulp and paper production capacity. Many biorefinery process options also offer the opportunity for bioproducts manufacturing and/or fossil fuel replacement. In this paper, the implementation of two biorefinery processes is examined from the perspective of process debottlenecking at a sodium carbonate-based semichemical pulp and paper mill: (a) lignin precipitation from black liquor by acidification with CO2, and (b) the near-neutral hemicellulose pre-extraction process. The recovery cycle, which includes a Copeland fluidized bed reactor, is the main pulp production bottleneck. Also, pulp quality improvements are possible, which would be achieved by lowering pulp yield. In Part I of this paper, biorefinery implementation uncertainties were identified and the potential for recovery debottlenecking and maximum paper production attainable were evaluated. In Part II, the economic evaluation and comparison of the selected biorefinery process options in the context of process debottlenecking are presented. The results show that for the case study mill, the hemicellulose pre-extraction process gives opportunity for higher paper production and paper quality improvement. It allows for a production increase of about 20%, as well as lowering the pulp yield from 85% to 79%. With lignin precipitation, it was found that a 15% paper production increase could be possible if the pulp yield is kept constant.

Integration of Advanced Gas Turbines in Pulp and Paper Mills for Increased Power Generation

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Maunsbach ◽  
A. Isaksson ◽  
J. Yan ◽  
G. Svedberg ◽  
L. Eidensten
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Combined Cycles

The pulp and paper industry handles large amounts of energy and today produces the steam needed for the process and some of the required electricity. Several studies have shown that black liquor gasification and combined cycles increase the power production significantly compared to the traditional processes used today. It is of interest to investigate the performance when advanced gas turbines are integrated with next-generation pulp and paper mills. The present study focused on comparing the combined cycle with the integration of advanced gas turbines such as steam injected gas turbine (STIG) and evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) in pulp and paper mills. Two categories of simulations have been performed: (1) comparison of gasification of both black liquor and biomass connected to either a combined cycle or steam injected gas turbine with a heat recovery steam generator; (2) externally fired gas turbine in combination with the traditional recovery boiler. The energy demand of the pulp and paper mills is satisfied in all cases and the possibility to deliver a power surplus for external use is verified. The study investigates new system combinations of applications for advanced gas turbines.

An Assessment of Black Liquor Gasification Combined Cycles: Part A — Technological Issues and Performance Comparisons

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Consonni ◽  
Eric D. Larson ◽  
Ryan Katofsky
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Utility Scale ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

Black liquor gasification (BLG) technologies are under active commercial development in the United States and Europe. BLG has been proposed as a future replacement for Tomlinson boilers to provide more efficient, safer, environmentally-friendlier, and more cost-competitive chemical and energy recovery at kraft pulp and paper mills. Also, some pulping process improvements are more readily implemented with BLG than with black liquor combustion. This is Part A of a two-part paper summarizing results of a large study supported by the US Department of Energy, the American Forest and Paper Association, the Southern Company, and the Tennessee Valley Authority to assess performances, emissions, costs and overall benefits of black liquor gasification combined cycle (BLGCC) technology for the U.S. kraft pulp and paper industry. Part A discusses the status of leading black liquor gasification technologies and presents detailed mass and energy balances for BLGCC integrated with a pulp and paper mill producing 1725 metric tons per day of uncoated freesheet paper. The corresponding nominal flow of black liquor solids is 6 million 1bs/day (or 438 MW of contained energy). Mass and energy balances are also presented at a comparable level of detail for state-of-the-art and advanced Tomlinson systems. Tomlinson performances are compared with that for three BLGCC configurations: (i) low-temperature, indirectly-heated gasifier coupled with a medium-power output heavy-duty gas turbine; (ii) high-temperature, oxygen-blown gasifier coupled with a medium-power output gas turbine; (iii) same high-temperature gasifier coupled with a utility-scale gas turbine, where the extra fuel input required to fully load the gas turbine is supplied by natural gas. With state-of-the-art Tomlinson technology, the integrated mill must import approximately 36 MW from the electric grid, which can be reduced to 11.5 MW with an advanced Tomlinson design. Medium-scale BLGCC allows export of 15–20 MW to the grid. This increases to 125 MW when the gasifier is coupled to the utility-scale gas turbine. The superior thermodynamic features of BLGCC are evidenced by the high ratio (0.5–0.9) of extra electricity generated by the BLGCC to extra fossil fuel purchased (higher heating value basis).

Integration of Advanced Gas Turbines in Pulp and Paper Mills for Increased Power Generation

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Maunsbach ◽  
Anna Isaksson ◽  
Jinyue Yan ◽  
Gunnar Svedberg ◽  
Lars Eidensten
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Combined Cycles

The pulp and paper industry handles large amounts of energy and today produces the steam needed for the process and some of the required electricity. Several studies have shown that black liquor gasification and combined cycles increase the power production significantly compared to the traditional processes used today. It is of interest to investigate the performance when advanced gas turbines are integrated with next-generation pulp and paper mills. The present study focused on comparing the combined cycle with the integration of advanced gas turbines such as steam injected gas turbine (STIG) and evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) in pulp and paper mills. Two categories of simulations have been performed: (1) comparison of gasification of both black liquor and biomass connected to either a combined cycle or steam injected gas turbine with a heat recovery steam generator; (2) externally fired gas turbine in combination with the traditional recovery boiler. The energy demand of the pulp and paper mills is satisfied in all cases and the possibility to deliver a power surplus for external use is verified. The study investigates new system combinations of applications for advanced gas turbines.

Combined Biomass and Black Liquor Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration at Pulp and Paper Mills

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Larson ◽  
T. G. Kreutz ◽  
S. Consonni
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills

Kraft pulp and paper mills generate large quantities of black liquor and byproduct biomass suitable for gasification. These fuels are used today for onsite cogeneration of heat and power in boiler/steam turbine systems. Gasification technologies under development would enable these fuels to be used in gas turbines. This paper reports results of detailed full-load performance modeling of pulp-mill cogeneration systems, based on gasifier/gas turbine technologies and, for comparison, on conventional steam-turbine cogeneration technologies. Pressurized, oxygen-blown black liquor gasification, the most advanced of proposed commercial black liquor gasifier designs, is considered, together with three alternative biomass gasifier designs under commercial development (high-pressure air-blown, low-pressure air-blown, and low-pressure indirectly-heated). Heavy-duty industrial gas turbines of the 70-MWe and 25-MWe class are included in the analysis. Results indicate that gasification-based cogeneration with biomass-derived fuels would transform a typical pulp mill into a significant power exporter and would also offer possibilities for net reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide relative to present practice.

Combined Biomass and Black Liquor Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration at Pulp and Paper Mills

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Larson ◽  
Thomas G. Kreutz ◽  
Stefano Consonni
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills

Kraft pulp and paper mills generate large quantities of black liquor and byproduct biomass suitable for gasification. These fuels are used today for onsite cogeneration of heat and power in boiler/steam turbine systems. Gasification technologies under development would enable these fuels to be used in gas turbines. This paper reports results of detailed full-load performance modeling of pulp-mill cogeneration systems based on gasifier/gas turbine technologies and, for comparison, on conventional steam-turbine cogeneration technologies. Pressurized, oxygen-blown black liquor gasification, the most advanced of proposed commercial black liquor gasifier designs, is considered, together with three alternative biomass gasifier designs under commercial development (high-pressure air-blown, low-pressure air-blown, and low-pressure indirectly-heated). Heavy-duty industrial gas turbines of the 70-MWe and 25-MWe class are included in the analysis. Results indicate that gasification-based cogeneration with biomass-derived fuels would transform a typical pulp mill into a significant power exporter and would also offer possibilities for net reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide relative to present practice.

Brownstock washing: A review of the literature

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO B. SANTOS ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Kraft Process ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Entrapped Air

Brownstock washing is a complex, dynamic process in which dirty wash water or weak black liquor (dissolved organic and inorganic material obtained from the pulp cooking process) is separated from pulp fibers. The use of material balance techniques is of great importance to identify potential problems and determine how well the system is operating. The kraft pulping industry was the first known to combine pulp washing with the recovery of materials used and produced in the wood cooking process. The motivation behind materials recovery is economic, and more recently, environmentally driven. The chemicals used in the kraft process are expensive as compared to those used in the sulfite process. For the kraft process to be economically viable, it is imperative that a very high percentage of the cooking chemicals be recovered. To reach such high efficiency, a variety of washing systems and monitoring parameters have been developed. Antifoam additives and processing aids have also played an important role in increasing washing effectiveness. Antifoam materials help attain washing effectiveness by preventing entrapped air from forming in the system, which allows for an easier, unimpeded flow of filtrate through the screens and washers.

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