Gas Turbine Fogging Technology: A State-of-the-Art Review—Part I: Inlet Evaporative Fogging—Analytical and Experimental Aspects

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava ◽  
C. B. Meher-Homji ◽  
M. A. Chaker ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Experimental Findings

Ambient temperature strongly influences gas turbine power output causing a reduction of around 0.50% to 0.90% for every 1°C of temperature rise. There is also a significant increase in the gas turbine heat rate as the ambient temperature rises, resulting in an increased operating cost. As the increase in power demand is usually coincident with high ambient temperature, power augmentation during the hot part of the day becomes important for independent power producers, cogenerators, and electric utilities. Evaporative and overspray fogging are simple, proven, and cost effective approaches for recovering lost gas turbine performance. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the analytical, experimental, and practical aspects including climatic and psychrometric aspects of high-pressure inlet evaporative fogging technology is provided. A discussion of analytical and experimental results relating to droplets dynamics, factors affecting droplets size, and inlet duct configuration effects on inlet evaporative fogging is covered in this paper. Characteristics of commonly used fogging nozzles are also described and experimental findings presented.

Gas Turbine Fogging Technology — A State-of-the-Art Review: Part I — Inlet Evaporative Fogging, Analytical and Experimental Aspects

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava ◽  
C. B. Meher-Homji ◽  
M. A. Chaker ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Droplet Dynamics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Experimental Findings

Ambient temperature strongly influences gas turbine power output causing a reduction of between 0.50% to 0.90% for every 1°C of temperature rise. There is also a significant increase in the gas turbine heat rate as the ambient temperature rises, resulting in an increased operating cost. As the increase in power demand is usually coincident with high ambient temperature, power augmentation during the hot part of the day become important for independent power producers, cogenerators and electric utilities. Evaporative and overspray fogging are simple, proven and cost effective approaches for recovering lost gas turbine performance. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the analytical and experimental and practical aspects of high-pressure inlet fogging technology is provided. A discussion of analytical and experimental results relating to droplet dynamics, factors affecting droplet size, and inlet configuration effects on inlet evaporative fogging are covered in this paper. Commonly used fogging nozzles are also described and experimental findings presented.

Gas Turbine Fogging Technology — A State-of-the-Art Review: Part II — Overspray Fogging, Analytical and Experimental Aspects

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava ◽  
C. B. Meher-Homji ◽  
M. A. Chaker ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Comprehensive Review

The strong influence of ambient temperature on the output and heat rate on a gas turbine has popularized the application of inlet fogging and overspray for power augmentation. One of the main advantages of overspray fogging is that it enhances power output as a result of decrease in compression work associated with the continuous evaporation of water within the compressor due to fog intercooling. A comprehensive review on the current understanding of the analytical and experimental aspects of overspray fogging technology as applied to gas turbines is presented in this paper.

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Erickson ◽  
Gopalakrishnan Anand ◽  
Ellen Makar
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Refrigeration Cycle ◽  
Absorption Refrigeration ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Hot Weather

Ambient temperature markedly impacts combustion turbine performance. A typical aeroderivative turbine loses 25% of ISO capacity at 38°C ambient. There are two traditional options to mitigate that degradation: evaporative cooling and mechanical chilling. They boost turbine performance, but consume significant water and/or electric load. Also, the turbine requires separate anti-icing equipment for low ambient temperature operation (less than 4.4°C). This paper describes the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning (ARCTIC) system that chills or heats the inlet air of a combustion turbine to maintain maximum turbine performance at all ambient temperatures. The ARCTIC unit is an ammonia–water absorption cycle that is powered by turbine exhaust heat. The design and performance of a 7034 kW (2000-ton) ARCTIC unit is presented. This ARCTIC achieved a new record for net power and heat rate from this model aeroderivative gas turbine in hot weather. It provides reliable and dispatchable hot day power at about half the cost of new plant. On a typical summer day (38°C dry bulb, 26°C wet bulb), ammonia refrigerant from the ARCTIC chills the inlet air to 8.9°C. The gas turbine power is increased from 40 to 51 MW. After allowing for the 230 kW electric parasitic load, the resulting net power is 2 MW more than the output of a comparable mechanically chilled gas turbine. As a result, the heat rate is also improved. On cold days the ARCTIC automatically switches to heating mode. The inlet air is heated by 11°C to eliminate inlet icing potential. Additional benefits include a lower exhaust temperature which is better for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst. The condensate recovered from the inlet-air chilling (up to 25 gallons per minute) can also be a valuable by-product. The ARCTIC system has a small cost premium relative to a mechanical chiller. However, when all the auxiliary functions are credited (anti-icing, tempering air, less switchgear, no 4160 volt service), the overall installed cost is comparable. The standout advantages are the increased hot weather power output, improved operating efficiency, and reduced maintenance, all obtained at minimal additional cost. Combined cycle and cogeneration configurations (both frame and aeroderivative) benefit even more from the ARCTIC due to the increased value of improved heat rate.

Gas Turbine Fogging Technology: A State-of-the-Art Review—Part II: Overspray Fogging—Analytical and Experimental Aspects

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava ◽  
C. B. Meher-Homji ◽  
M. A. Chaker ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Comprehensive Review

The strong influence of ambient temperature on the output and heat rate on a gas turbine has popularized the application of inlet fogging and overspray for power augmentation. One of the main advantages of overspray fogging is that it enhances power output as a result of decrease in compression work associated with the continuous evaporation of water within the compressor due to fog intercooling. A comprehensive review on the current understanding of the analytical and experimental aspects of overspray fogging technology as applied to gas turbines is presented in this paper.

A Generalized Mathematical Model to Estimate Gas Turbine Starting Characteristics

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Agrawal ◽  
M. Yunis
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
System Combination ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Starting Characteristics ◽  
Starting Torque

The paper describes a generalized mathematical model to estimate gas turbine performance in the starting regime of the engine. These estimates are then used to calculate the minimum engine starting torque requirements, thereby defining the specifications for the aircraft starting system. Alternatively, the model can also be used to estimate the start up time at any ambient temperature or altitude for a given engine/aircraft starting system combination.

The Impact of Atmospheric Conditions on Gas Turbine Performance

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. El Hadik
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
The Impact

In a hot summer climate, as in Kuwait and other Arabian Gulf countries, the performance of a gas turbine deteriorates drastically during the high-temperature hours (up to 60°C in Kuwait). Power demand is the highest at these times. This necessitates an increase in installed gas turbine capacities to balance this deterioration. Gas turbines users are becoming aware of this problem as they depend more on gas turbines to satisfy their power needs and process heat for desalination due to the recent technical and economical development of gas turbines. This paper is devoted to studying the impact of atmospheric conditions, such as ambient temperature, pressure, and relative humidity on gas turbine performance. The reason for considering air pressures different from standard atmospheric pressure at the compressor inlet is the variation of this pressure with altitude. The results of this study can be generalized to include the cases of flights at high altitudes. A fully interactive computer program based on the derived governing equations is developed. The effects of typical variations of atmospheric conditions on power output and efficiency are considered. These include ambient temperature (range from −20 to 60°C), altitude (range from zero to 2000 m above sea level), and relative humidity (range from zero to 100 percent). The thermal efficiency and specific net work of a gas turbine were calculated at different values of maximum turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and variable environmental conditions. The value of TIT is a design factor that depends on the material specifications and the fuel/air ratio. Typical operating values of TIT in modern gas turbines were chosen for this study: 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 K. Both partial and full loads were considered in the analysis. Finally the calculated results were compared with actual gas turbine data supplied by manufacturers.

scholarly journals A Generalized Mathematical Model to Estimate Gas Turbine Starting Characteristics

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Agrawal ◽  
M. Yunis
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
System Combination ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Starting Characteristics ◽  
Starting Torque

The paper describes a generalized mathematical model to estimate gas turbine performance in the starting regime of the engine. These estimates are then used to calculate the minimum engine starting torque requirements, thereby defining the specifications for the aircraft starting system. Alternatively, the model can also be used to estimate the start up time at any ambient temperature or altitude for a given engine/aircraft starting system combination.

Gas Turbine Fogging Technology — A State-of-the-Art Review: Part III — Practical Considerations and Operational Experience

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhargava ◽  
C. B. Meher-Homji ◽  
M. A. Chaker ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Foreign Object Damage ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Compressor Performance

The strong influence of ambient temperature on the output and heat rate of a gas turbine has popularized the application of inlet fogging and overspray for power augmentation. This paper focuses on practical considerations, for implementation of fogging technology, such as water quality requirements, foreign object damage, gas turbine inlet icing, intake duct design, changes in compressor performance characteristics, and blade coating distress problems. It also provides a checklist for users and project developers to facilitate the design and implementation of fogging systems. In addition, this paper covers operational experience and reviews the work pursued by gas turbine OEMs in the field of fogging technology. A list of unresolved issues and ongoing research related to the fogging technology is also provided.

scholarly journals Advantages of Air Conditioning and Supercharging an LM6000 Gas Turbine Inlet

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Kolp ◽  
Harold A. Guidotti ◽  
William M. Flye
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
New Generation

Of all the external factors affecting a gas turbine, inlet pressure and temperature have the greatest impact on performance. The effect of inlet temperature variations is especially pronounced in the new generation of high-efficiency gas turbines typified by the 40 MW GE LM6000. A reduction of 50 F (28 C) in inlet temperature can result in a 30% increase in power and a 4.5% improvement in heat rate. An elevation increase to 5000 feet (1524 meters) above sea level decreases turbine output 17%; conversely supercharging can increase output more than 20%. This paper addresses various means of heating, cooling and supercharging LM6000 inlet air. An economic model is developed and sample cases are cited to illustrate the optimization of gas turbine inlet systems, taking into account site conditions, incremental equipment cost and subsequent performance enhancement.

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