scholarly journals The electrical properties of the ectoderm in the amphibian embryo during induction and early development of the nervous system

1973 ◽  
Vol 235 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Amphibian Embryo

The Dependence of the Cellular Transformation of the Competent Ectoderm on Temporal Relationships in the Induction Process

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-485
Author(s):  
Sulo Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cellular Transformation ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Amphibian Embryo ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Induction Process ◽  
New Hypothesis

In 1952, Nieuwkoop et al. suggested a new hypothesis concerning the induction phenomenon determining the early development of the amphibian embryo. This hypothesis was based on cleverly planned experiments in which folds of competent epidermis were transplanted on to different regions of the neural plate of the neurula. According to this hypothesis, the invaginating archenteron roof is supposed first to activate the overlying ectoderm, enabling it to develop autonomously to archencephalon and its derivatives. This same archenteron roof is later thought to exert a second effect, which they called transformation. This second action is considered responsible for modifying the differentiation tendencies of the activated archencephalon so as to result in structures typical of more caudal regions of the nervous system. This process is regarded as a quantitative one, so that with increasing strength of transformation, the differentiation tendencies would be progressively more caudal.

Early development, pattern, and reorganization of the planula nervous system in Aurelia (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)

2008 ◽  
Vol 218 (10) ◽  
pp. 511-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagayasu Nakanishi ◽  
David Yuan ◽  
David K. Jacobs ◽  
Volker Hartenstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Development Pattern

Modern Blockbusters

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Schmidt ◽  
Simon Shorvon
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
Interesting Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Five modern antiepileptic drugs have reached the fabled blockbuster status (more than $1 billion sales per year), albeit for treatment of not only epilepsy but for other disorders of the central nervous system too. These drugs generated huge profits, and the chapter asks, how were they discovered and are they worth their money? The history of the five blockbusters—levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate, gabapentin, and pregabalin—provides an interesting study of chance, science, wrong ideas, and finance, and most importantly luck. The discovery of the antiepileptic effects of some of these compounds was stumbled upon by simple good fortune, and others barely escaped an early demise during an unpromising early development. Despite the commercial success, no study has shown any of these drugs to be any more effective than older drugs, yet they made billions. This chapter examines how industry could do this and what the drivers are for success.

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