The hierarchical organization of the central nervous system: Implications for learning processes and critical periods in early development

1965 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Bronson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
The Central Nervous System

New concepts on the structure of the neuronal networks: The miniaturization and hierarchical organization of the central nervous system*

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi F. Agnati ◽  
Kjell Fuxe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Information Handling ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
The Relationship

The hypothesis is introduced that miniaturization of neuronal circuits in the central nervous system and the hierarchical organization of the various levels, where information handling can take place, may be the key to understand the enormous capability of the human brain to store engrams as well as its astonishing capacity to reconstruct and organize engrams and thus to perform highly sophisticated integrations. The concept is also proposed that in order to understand the relationship between the structural and functional plasticity of the central nervous system it is necessary to postulate the existence of memory storage at the network level, at the local circuit level, at the synaptic level, at the membrane level, and finally at the molecular level. Thus, memory organization is similar to the hierarchical organization of the various levels, where information handling takes place in the nervous system. In addition, each higher level plays a role in the reconstruction and organization of the engrams stored at lower levels. Thus, the trace of the functionally stored memory (i.e. its reconstruction and organization at various levels of storage) will depend not only on the chemicophysical changes in the membranes of the local circuits but also on the organization of the local circuits themselves and their associated neuronal networks.

Modern Blockbusters

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Schmidt ◽  
Simon Shorvon
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
Interesting Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Five modern antiepileptic drugs have reached the fabled blockbuster status (more than $1 billion sales per year), albeit for treatment of not only epilepsy but for other disorders of the central nervous system too. These drugs generated huge profits, and the chapter asks, how were they discovered and are they worth their money? The history of the five blockbusters—levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate, gabapentin, and pregabalin—provides an interesting study of chance, science, wrong ideas, and finance, and most importantly luck. The discovery of the antiepileptic effects of some of these compounds was stumbled upon by simple good fortune, and others barely escaped an early demise during an unpromising early development. Despite the commercial success, no study has shown any of these drugs to be any more effective than older drugs, yet they made billions. This chapter examines how industry could do this and what the drivers are for success.

scholarly journals Hormonal imprinting in the central nervous system: causes and consequences

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Csaba
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Methylation Pattern ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Hormonal Imprinting ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The notion of the perinatal „hormonal imprinting” has been published at first in 1980 and since that time it spred expansively. The imprintig develops at the first encounter between the developing receptor and the target hormone – possibly by the alteration of the methylation pattern of DNA – and it is transmitted to the progeny generations of the cell. This is needed for the complete development of the receptor’s binding capacity. However, molecules similar to the target hormone (hormone-analogues, drugs, chemicals, environmental pollutants) can also bind to the developing receptor, causing faulty imprinting with life-long consequences. This can promote pathological conditions. Later it was cleared that in other critical periods such as puberty, imprinting also can be provoked, even in any age in differentiating cells. The central nervous system (brain) also can be mistakenly imprinted, which durably influences the dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic system and this can be manifested – in animal experiments – in alterations of the sexual and social behavior. In our modern age the faulty hormonal imprintig is inavoidable because of the mass of medicaments, chemicals, the presence of hormone-like materials (e.g. soya phytosteroids) in the food, and environmental pollutants. The author especially emphasizes the danger of oxytocin, as a perinatal imprinter, as it is used very broadly and can basically influence the emotional and social spheres and the appearance of certain diseases such as auitism, schizophrenia and parkinsonism. The danger of perinatal imprinters is growing, considering their effects on the human evolution. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 128–135.

Minor Physical Anomalies and Hyperactivity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-522
Author(s):  
Richard J. Schain
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hyperactive Behavior ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Minor Physical Anomalies

The paper by Quinn and Rapoport1 in the May issue of Pediatrics indicates a higher incidence of minor physical anomalies ("stigmata") in hyperactive boys compared to a control group. The authors believe that the presence of stigmata are a clue to the occurrence of insults affecting the fetus during early development. It is suggested that the hyperactive behavior disorder is also a result of the same insult affecting the central nervous system during early morphogenesis.

From the hierarchical organization of the central nervous system to the hierarchical aspects of biocodes

Biosystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 103975 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Guidolin ◽  
M. Marcoli ◽  
C. Tortorella ◽  
G. Maura ◽  
L.F. Agnati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The NK-2 Homeobox Gene and the Early Development of the Central Nervous System of Drosophila

1995 ◽  
Vol 758 (1 DNA) ◽  
pp. 224-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARSHALL NIRENBERG ◽  
KOHZO NAKAYAMA ◽  
NORIKO NAKAYAMA ◽  
YONGSOK KIM ◽  
DERVLA MELLERICK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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