Polyploidization contributes to evolution of competitive ability: a long term common garden study on the invasive Solidago canadensis in China

Oikos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiliang Cheng ◽  
Xianghong Yang ◽  
Lifang Xue ◽  
Beibei Yao ◽  
Huan Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Solidago Canadensis

scholarly journals Adaptation and competition in deteriorating environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1946) ◽  
pp. 20202967
Author(s):  
Romana Limberger ◽  
Gregor F. Fussmann
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
History Of

Evolution might rescue populations from extinction in changing environments. Using experimental evolution with microalgae, we investigated if competition influences adaptation to an abiotic stressor, and vice versa, if adaptation to abiotic change influences competition. In a first set of experiments, we propagated monocultures of five species with and without increasing salt stress for approximately 180 generations. When assayed in monoculture, two of the five species showed signatures of adaptation, that is, lines with a history of salt stress had higher population growth rates at high salt than lines without prior exposure to salt. When assayed in mixtures of species, however, only one of these two species had increased population size at high salt, indicating that competition can alter how adaptation to abiotic change influences population dynamics. In a second experiment, we cultivated two species in monocultures and in pairs, with and without increasing salt. While we found no effect of competition on adaptation to salt, our experiment revealed that evolutionary responses to salt can influence competition. Specifically, one of the two species had reduced competitive ability in the no-salt environment after long-term exposure to salt stress. Collectively, our results highlight the complex interplay of adaptation to abiotic change and competitive interactions.

CLIPPING FREQUENCY AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND LONGEVITY OF FIVE GRASSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
K. W. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Agropyron Intermedium ◽  
Pasture Grasses

Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron intermedium, Agropyron riparium, Elymus junceus and Stipa viridula were studied in relation to clipping effects on productivity and longevity. All species, except Elymus junceus, produced progressively less as number of clippings increased. Agropyron intermedium yielded the most forage, especially when harvested only once per season, followed closely by Agropyron cristatum. Crude protein yield was less variable under various frequencies of clipping than forage yield, and differences between species were also smaller. Elymus junceus and Agropyron cristatum displayed the strongest competitive ability, especially under frequent clipping and Stipa viridula the lowest. The amount of root produced varied significantly between species. Agropyron cristatum and Elymus junceus produced the most root and Stipa viridula the least. Fertilizer applied in the fourth and fifth crop years increased the yield by 30 to 200 per cent. It was concluded that Agropyron cristatum and Elymus junceus were about equally persistent under frequent clipping and should be more useful long-term pasture grasses than the other three in dry cold climates.

scholarly journals Competitive Interactions of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) Cytotypes in Submersed and Emergent Experimental Aquatic Plant Communities

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan E. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

The ability to invade communities in a variety of habitats (e.g., along a depth gradient) may facilitate establishment and spread of invasive plants, but how multiple lineages of a species perform under varying conditions is understudied. A series of greenhouse common garden experiments were conducted in which six diploid and four triploid populations of the aquatic invasive plant Butomus umbellatus L. (Butomaceae) were grown in submersed or emergent conditions, in monoculture or in a multispecies community, to compare establishment and productivity of cytotypes under competition. Diploid biomass overall was 12 times higher than triploids in the submersed experiment and three times higher in the emergent experiment. Diploid shoot:root ratio was double that of triploid plants in submersed conditions overall, and double in emergent conditions in monoculture. Relative interaction intensities (RII) indicated that triploid plants were sixteen times more negatively impacted by competition under submersed conditions but diploid plants were twice as impacted under emergent conditions. Recipient communities were similarly negatively impacted by B. umbellatus cytotypes. This study supports the idea that diploid and triploid B. umbellatus plants are equally capable of invading emergent communities, but that diploid plants may be better adapted for invading in submersed habitats. However, consistently lower shoot:root ratios in both monoculture and in communities suggests that triploid plants may be better-adapted competitors in the long term due to increased resource allocation to roots. This represents the first examination into the role of cytotype and habitat on competitive interactions of B. umbellatus.

System Dynamics Modeling for China's EV Development Strategy

2013 ◽  
Vol 378 ◽  
pp. 483-486
Author(s):  
Yu Ning Wang ◽  
Hui Ming Zeng ◽  
Bin Qing Tang ◽  
Bin Xiang Hu
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Policy Suggestions

Due to mandatory emission reduction and rising oil prices electric vehicles are about to be introduced in mass markets. This paper presents a system dynamics model of Chinas development strategy of electric vehicle industry. The focus of the paper is to study the influence of four major dynamic factors government policies, technology innovation, market demand and competitive ability. It gives an overall scenario of the development and highlights the major problems faced by Chinese electric vehicles industry, and how SD modeling can be used for the analysis of the industry developing policy. The model has been used to simulate the influence of these dynamic factors for 20 years, and a serious of policy tests and some useful policy suggestions were put forward. The result suggested that government support will still play a key role in a long-term.

scholarly journals Avoiding the bullies: The resilience of cooperation among unequals

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1008847
Author(s):  
Michael Foley ◽  
Rory Smead ◽  
Patrick Forber ◽  
Christoph Riedl
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Power Asymmetry ◽  
Dynamic Power ◽  
Model Complex ◽  
Power Inequality

Can egalitarian norms or conventions survive the presence of dominant individuals who are ensured of victory in conflicts? We investigate the interaction of power asymmetry and partner choice in games of conflict over a contested resource. Previous models of cooperation do not include both power inequality and partner choice. Furthermore, models that do include power inequalities assume a static game where a bully’s advantage does not change. They have therefore not attempted to model complex and realistic properties of social interaction. Here, we introduce three models to study the emergence and resilience of cooperation among unequals when interaction is random, when individuals can choose their partners, and where power asymmetries dynamically depend on accumulated payoffs. We find that the ability to avoid bullies with higher competitive ability afforded by partner choice mostly restores cooperative conventions and that the competitive hierarchy never forms. Partner choice counteracts the hyper dominance of bullies who are isolated in the network and eliminates the need for others to coordinate in a coalition. When competitive ability dynamically depends on cumulative payoffs, complex cycles of coupled network-strategy-rank changes emerge. Effective collaborators gain popularity (and thus power), adopt aggressive behavior, get isolated, and ultimately lose power. Neither the network nor behavior converge to a stable equilibrium. Despite the instability of power dynamics, the cooperative convention in the population remains stable overall and long-term inequality is completely eliminated. The interaction between partner choice and dynamic power asymmetry is crucial for these results: without partner choice, bullies cannot be isolated, and without dynamic power asymmetry, bullies do not lose their power even when isolated. We analytically identify a single critical point that marks a phase transition in all three iterations of our models. This critical point is where the first individual breaks from the convention and cycles start to emerge.

scholarly journals Adaptation and competition in deteriorating environments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Limberger ◽  
Gregor F. Fussmann
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
History Of

AbstractEvolution might rescue populations from extinction in changing environments. Using experimental evolution with microalgae, we investigated if competition influences adaptation to an abiotic stressor, and vice versa, if adaptation to abiotic change influences competition. In a first set of experiments, we propagated monocultures of five species with and without increasing salt stress for ~180 generations. When assayed in monoculture, two of the five species showed signatures of adaptation, that is, lines with a history of salt stress had higher population growth rates at high salt than lines without prior exposure to salt. When assayed in mixtures of species, however, only one of these two species had increased population size at high salt, indicating that competition can alter how adaptation to abiotic change influences population dynamics. In a second experiment, we cultivated two species in monocultures and in pairs, with and without increasing salt. While we found no effect of competition on adaptation to salt, our experiment revealed that evolutionary responses to salt can influence competition. Specifically, one of the two species had reduced competitive ability in the no-salt environment after long-term exposure to salt stress. Collectively, our results highlight the complex interplay of adaptation to abiotic change and competitive interactions.

scholarly journals Long‐term acclimation might enhance the growth and competitive ability of Microcystis aeruginosa in warm environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Drugă ◽  
Elisabeth Ramm ◽  
Edina Szekeres ◽  
Cecilia Chiriac ◽  
Adriana Hegedüs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Competitive Ability

scholarly journals Evolution of increased larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster without increased larval feeding rate

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manaswini Sarangi ◽  
Archana Nagarajan ◽  
Snigdhadip Dey ◽  
Joy Bose ◽  
Amitabh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Larval Crowding ◽  
The Cost

Multiple experimental evolution studies on D. melanogaster in the 1980s and 1990s indicated that enhanced competitive ability evolved primarily through increased larval tolerance to nitrogenous wastes and increased larval feeding and foraging rate, at the cost of efficiency of food conversion to biomass, and this became the widely accepted view of how adaptation to larval crowding evolves in fruitflies. We recently showed that populations of D. ananassae and D. n. nasuta subjected to extreme larval crowding evolved greater competitive ability without evolving higher feeding rates, primarily through a combination of reduced larval duration, faster attainment of minimum critical size for pupation, greater efficiency of food conversion to biomass, increased pupation height and, perhaps, greater urea/ammonia tolerance. This was a very different suite of traits than that seen to evolve under similar selection in D. melanogaster and was closer to the expectations from the theory of K-selection. At that time, we suggested two possible reasons for the differences in the phenotypic correlates of greater competitive ability seen in the studies with D. melanogaster and the other two species. First, that D. ananassae and D. n. nasuta had a very different genetic architecture of traits affecting competitive ability compared to the long-term, laboratory populations of D. melanogaster used in the earlier studies, either because the populations of the former two species were relatively recently wild-caught, or by virtue of being different species. Second, that the different evolutionary trajectories in D. ananassae and D. n. nasuta versus D. melanogaster were a reflection of differences in the manner in which larval crowding was imposed in the two sets of selection experiments. The D. melanogaster studies used a higher absolute density of eggs per unit volume of food, and a substantially larger total volume of food, than the studies on D. ananassae and D. n. nasuta. Here, we show that long-term laboratory populations of D. melanogaster, descended from some of the populations used in the earlier studies, evolve essentially the same set of traits as the D. ananassae and D. n. nasuta crowding-adapted populations when subjected to a similar larval density at low absolute volumes of food. As in the case of D. ananassae and D. n. nasuta, and in stark contrast to earlier studies with D. melanogaster, these crowding-adapted populations of D. melanogaster did not evolve greater larval feeding rates as a correlate of increased competitive ability. The present results clearly suggest that the suite of phenotypes through which the evolution of greater competitive ability is achieved in fruitflies depends critically not just on larval density per unit volume of food, but also on the total amount of food available in the culture vials. We discuss these results in the context of an hypothesis about how larval density and the height of the food column in culture vials might interact to alter the fitness costs and benefits of increased larval feeding rates, thus resulting in different routes to the evolution of greater competitive ability, depending on the details of exactly how the larval crowding was implemented.

scholarly journals Fungi exposed to chronic nitrogen enrichment are less able to decay leaf litter

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda T.A. van Diepen ◽  
Serita D. Frey ◽  
Elizabeth A. Landis ◽  
Eric W. Morrison ◽  
Anne Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Litter Decay ◽  
N Enrichment

AbstractSaprotrophic fungi are the primary decomposers of plant litter in temperate forests, and their activity is critical for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Simulated atmospheric N deposition is associated with reduced fungal biomass, shifts in fungal community structure, slowed litter decay, and soil C accumulation. Although rarely studied, N deposition may also result in novel selective pressures on fungi, affecting evolutionary trajectories. To directly test if long-term N enrichment reshapes fungal behaviors, we isolated decomposer fungi from a longterm (28 year) N addition experiment and used a common garden approach to compare growth rates and decay abilities of isolates from control and N amended plots. Both growth and decay were significantly altered by long-term exposure to N enrichment. Changes in growth rates were idiosyncratic, but litter decay by N isolates was generally lower compared to control isolates of the same species, a response not readily reversed when N isolates were grown in control (low N) environments. Changes in fungal behaviors accompany and perhaps drive previously observed N-induced shifts in fungal diversity, community composition, and litter decay dynamics.

scholarly journals Loss of leaf-out and flowering synchrony under global warming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin M. Zohner ◽  
Lidong Mo ◽  
Susanne S. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Climate Manipulation

AbstractThe temporal overlap of phenological stages, phenological synchrony, crucially influences ecosystem functioning. For flowering, among-individual synchrony influences gene flow. For leaf-out, it affects interactions with herbivores and competing plants. If individuals differ in their reaction to the ongoing change in global climate, this should affect population-level synchrony. Here, we use climate-manipulation experiments, Pan-European long-term (>15 years) observations, and common garden monitoring data on up to 72 woody and herbaceous species to study the effects of increasing temperatures on the extent of within-population leaf-out and flowering synchrony. Warmer temperatures reduce in situ leaf-out and flowering synchrony by up to 55%, and experiments on European beech provide a mechanism for how individual genetic differences may explain this finding. The rapid loss of reproductive and vegetative synchrony in European plants predicts changes in their gene flow and trophic interactions, but community-wide consequences remain largely unknown.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document