CLIPPING FREQUENCY AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND LONGEVITY OF FIVE GRASSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
K. W. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Agropyron Intermedium ◽  
Pasture Grasses

Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron intermedium, Agropyron riparium, Elymus junceus and Stipa viridula were studied in relation to clipping effects on productivity and longevity. All species, except Elymus junceus, produced progressively less as number of clippings increased. Agropyron intermedium yielded the most forage, especially when harvested only once per season, followed closely by Agropyron cristatum. Crude protein yield was less variable under various frequencies of clipping than forage yield, and differences between species were also smaller. Elymus junceus and Agropyron cristatum displayed the strongest competitive ability, especially under frequent clipping and Stipa viridula the lowest. The amount of root produced varied significantly between species. Agropyron cristatum and Elymus junceus produced the most root and Stipa viridula the least. Fertilizer applied in the fourth and fifth crop years increased the yield by 30 to 200 per cent. It was concluded that Agropyron cristatum and Elymus junceus were about equally persistent under frequent clipping and should be more useful long-term pasture grasses than the other three in dry cold climates.

Plant and animal responses of elephant grass pasture-based systems mixed with pinto peanut

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
A. C. Vieira ◽  
C. J. Olivo ◽  
C. B. Adams ◽  
J. C. Sauthier ◽  
L. R. Proença ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Grazing Systems

AbstractThe effects of growing pinto peanut mixed with elephant grass-based pastures are still little known. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the performance of herbage yield, nutritive value of forage and animal responses to levels of pinto peanut forage mass mixed with elephant grass in low-input systems. Three grazing systems were evaluated: (i) elephant grass-based (control); (ii) pinto peanut, low-density forage yield (63 g/kg of dry matter – DM) + elephant grass; and (iii) pinto peanut, high-density dry matter forage yield (206 g/kg DM) + elephant grass. The experimental design was completely randomized with the three treatments (grazing systems) and three replicates (paddocks) in split-plot grazing cycles. Forage samples were collected to evaluate the pasture and animal responses. Leaf blades of elephant grass and the other companion grasses of pinto peanut were collected to analyse the crude protein, in vitro digestible organic matter and total digestible nutrients. The pinto peanut, high-density dry matter forage yield + elephant grass treatment was found to give the best results in terms of herbage yield, forage intake and stocking rate, as well as having higher crude protein contents for both elephant grass and the other grasses, followed by pinto peanut with low-density forage yield + elephant grass and finally elephant grass alone. Better results were found with the grass–legume system for pasture and animal responses.

Planting date effects on yield and quality of foxtail millet and three annual legumes

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Twidwell ◽  
A. Boe ◽  
K. D. Kephart
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Forage Yields

Annual grasses and legumes offer potential as forages in the northern Great Plains region of the USA during late summer when perennial cool-season grass pastures are unproductive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage yield, in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), and crude protein concentration of four annual species planted in May, June, and July at two South Dakota locations in 1989 and 1990. The species evaluated were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and Siberian foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.). In 1989 cowpea, soybean, and millet produced similar yields at Highmore when planted in May, whereas in 1990 soybean had the highest forage yield of 8.3 t ha−1. Forage yields for the July planting were lower than those of the May planting, except for mungbean grown at Highmore in 1989 where the July planting produced 2.2 t ha−1 more forage than the May planting. Cowpea had significantly greater IVDDM than the other species for all three planting dates at Beresford in 1989, whereas at Highmore IVDDM for cowpea was not greater than that of mungbean for the May and June planting dates. Cowpea had the greatest crude protein concentration for all planting dates at Highmore in 1989, the greatest crude protein concentration for May and June planting dates at Beresford, and similar crude protein concentration to soybean for the July planting date. Millet, with the exception of the May planting at Highmore in 1990, consistently had lower IVDDM and crude protein concentrations than all three legumes each year at each location. The highest soybean forage yields at each location were always obtained from the May plantings. Cowpea forage yields were highest for the May planting at Highmore in 1989 and the June planting in 1990. Since cowpea often had higher forage yields, IVDDM, and crude protein concentrations than the other species it appears to be a viable alternative forage crop for this region.Key words: Annual forage legumes, millet, yield, quality

scholarly journals Row Arrangements of Maize and Soybean Intercrop on Silage Quality and Grain Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Vanderson Vieira Batista ◽  
Paulo Fernando Adami ◽  
Pedro Valério Dutra de Moraes ◽  
Karine Fuschter Oligini ◽  
Cleverson Luiz Giacomel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Maize Grain

The success of maize + soybean intercrop depends on the plant arrangement. An experiment was carried out to evaluate different row arrangements on intercrop forage yield, silage quality and maize grain yield in relation to maize as a sole crop. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with eight row arrangements between maize and Soybean. Maize biomass yield among crop arrangements were similar, although, lower than the maize sole crop. On the other hand, these treatments showed higher soybean biomass yield, which in turn increased silage crude protein and crude protein yield per unit area. Maize thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant and per area was affected by the intercrop arrangements. The use of two corn rows + two soybean rows (2M+2S-30 cm) and four corn rows + four soybean rows (4M+4S-30 cm) showed higher crude protein yield per area associated with similar maize grain yield in relation to the sole maize crop. In conclusion, alternating four maize rows with four soybean rows was the optimum row ratio in maize + soybean intercrop, though this needs to be further confirmed by more trials.

scholarly journals Assessment of yield, quality and nitrogen index of Agrostietum capillaris grassland as affected by fertilizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Simic ◽  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Savo Vuckovic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
Rade Stanisavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition Index ◽  
Yield Quality

Managing N, P and K inputs in semi-natural meadow production systems is important for achieving maximum yields in livestock farming. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of different NPK levels (N0P0K0, N50P50K50, N100P50K50, N100P100K100, N150P100K100 and N200P150K150 kg ha-1 yr-1) on the yield, quality and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) in a grassland community of Agrostietum capillaris (semi-natural meadow) in western Serbia. The study was conducted during the seasons of 2005-2008. The values of the investigated parameters, except for the unit N uptake, were the highest in 2004/2005 due to favorable climate conditions. The levels of nitrogen significantly increased all of the studied parameters compared to the control treatment, except for unit N uptake. Mineral fertilizers at N200P150K150 provided the highest green forage yield (25.12 t ha-1), dry matter yield (8.12 t ha-1), crude protein yield (876.3 kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake (140.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen nutrition index (70.2%), and the lowest unit N uptake (0.0022 kg N kg DMY-1). The use of mineral fertilizers increased green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield, increasing fertilizer from lowest to highest rate increased fresh and dry matter yield, as well as protein yield. Based on the results of the study, monitoring of nutrition indices would be necessary in order to increase productivity and economic benefits.

Does Brood Size Manipulation Affect Later Competitive Behaviour of Offspring?

Behaviour ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. De Kogel
Keyword(s):  
Brood Size ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Competitive Behaviour

AbstractData from several field experiments support the existence of a trade-off between number and quality of offspring. However, long term effects of brood size on fitness related traits of offspring have been a relatively neglected area of research. In a laboratory experiment the effect of manipulated brood size on subsequent competitive ability of adult offspring was investigated. Zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, were reared in small or large broods and young were exchanged in such a way that natural siblings from different rearing conditions could be compared. Competitive behaviour was assessed in two different contexts: competition for food (both sexes tested) and competition for mates (only males tested). There was no significant difference between males from small and large broods in number of succesfull attacks (after which the other male moved away) during male-male aggressive interactions provoked by the presentation of a female in an adjacent cage. Nor did brood size affect latency to eat, time spent eating or success at displacing the other bird from the feeder during food competition tests. The results thus suggest consistently that later competitive ability of offspring is not affected by brood size in this species.

Reevaluation of row spacing/plant density of seeded pasture grasses for the semiarid prairie

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Jefferson ◽  
G. Andrew Kielly
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Harvest Method

Previous research in the semiarid prairie at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, indicated that optimum row spacing for forage production was 60 or 90 cm for crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertner) and Russian wild ryegrass (Psathyrostachys juncea [Fisch.] Nevski). However, recent research suggested that harvest method affects forage yield estimates from row spacing experiments. An experiment with three row spacings of mixtures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with crested wheatgrass and Russian wild ryegrass was harvested mechanically and by hand. Yield differences between methods of harvesting were affected by row spacing; larger differences were observed at 15 cm than at 60 cm spacing, particularly for Russian wild ryegrass. The highest hand-harvested forage yield estimates were observed in the narrowest row spacing. In a second experiment, plant density was evaluated for the same grasses using square grid spacings of 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 cm. Decreasing plant density was associated with decreased hand-harvested forage yield in both species. In a third experiment, 60- and 90-cm row spacing resulted in more seed heads and lower leaf content than 30-cm row spacing. Leaf digestibility increased slightly with increased row spacing. These results suggest that 30-cm row spacing should be recommended to producers for sustainable pastures in the semiarid prairie region. Key words: Forage yield, forage quality, leaf:stem ratio, plot technique

Effect of propagule source on competitive ability of pasture grasses: spatial dynamics of six grasses in simulated swards

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Turkington
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Lateral Expansion ◽  
Pasture Grasses

Simulated swards were constructed to investigate the potential effect of propagule source on competitive ability of pasture grasses, to monitor the spatial dynamics of pasture communities, and to assess the importance of species interactions and disturbances in community structure. The design used six species of grasses, Agrostis alba, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, and Poa compressa, arranged in a mosaic of hexagonal patches with each hexagon being sown with one species of grass or left as bare ground and being surrounded by each of the other species. Three swards were constructed, one using plant material collected from an 11-year-old pasture, one with material from an adjacent 49-year-old pasture, and the third from material grown from seed. After 20 months of interaction across the interfaces between the patches, the swards were destructively harvested above ground and the contents of each hexagon separated into species. Grasses from four different-aged origins, including the three above, were also grown in plots without any neighbours for 16 months. Each species had its own individual behavior: Agrostis and Phleum from the older pastures were the better invaders, Holcus and Poa were the poorest, and Phleum from the oldest community was the most resistant to lateral expansion of the other species. In a number of cases the grasses from the older pastures, but never from the seeded bed, invaded other patches of grass as readily as they expanded into bare ground. The total aboveground community biomass showed a nonsignificant decline with age, and the community as a whole became more open to lateral expansion by individual species. No results were obtained to support the cyclic regeneration hypothesis of Watt; the functional equivalence arguments of Aarssen may be more appropriate in this fine-grained pasture environment. Key words: community dynamics, invasion, pasture, competitive effect and response, disturbance, patches.

EFFECT OF STAGE AND HEIGHT OF CUTTING ON THE CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT AND CRUDE PROTEIN YIELD OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS, BROMEGRASS, AND REED CANARYGRASS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
F. G. WARDER ◽  
R. ASHFORD
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Intermedium

The effects of harvesting at three heights of cutting and four stages of development on the crude protein content and crude protein yield of intermediate wheatgrass, Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv., bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., and reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., were studied on irrigated land. Reed canarygrass had a higher crude protein content at clip 1 than bromegrass, which in turn contained more than intermediate wheatgrass. Grass cut at the vegetative and shotblade stages of development contained more protein than that cut at either the flower or seed stage. Neither species nor stage of growth at the time of taking the initial harvest had a consistent influence on the yield of crude protein.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Harvest Intervals and Two Fertilizer Rates on the Yield and HCN Content of Ten Cynodon Cultivars

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
J. Vélez-Santiago ◽  
A. Sotomayor-Ríos ◽  
S. Torres-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Ten forage grasses (Cynodon spp.), including recent introductions, and Stargrass (C. nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis) were grown in the central mountains of Puerto Rico to measure the effect of two fertilizer rates and three harvest intervals on the forage yield, crude protein yield and hydrocyanic acid content (HCN) for a 2-year period. Fertilizer treatments applied after each harvest consisted of 2.24 and 4.48 metric tons/ha/year of a 15-5-10 fertilizer. Significant differences occurred between fertilizer rates as to dry forage and crude protein yields. Number of harvests per year were 6, 8 and 12 for 30-, 45- and 60-day intervals, respectively. Significant differences occurred among cultivars and harvest intervals. Cynodon dactylon (PRPI 11504), C. plectostachyus (PRPI 11487) and C. nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis (PRPI 2341) occupied most of the top yield positions at the three harvest intervals. HCN within the cultivars ranged from 0 to 333 p/m.

Establishment studies V. The effect of method of establishment on the behaviour of long-term leys in the seeding year

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Dry Matter Yield

1. In the seeding year the total dry-matter yield in swards sown without a cover crop was increased by infrequent defoliation, but the yield of crude protein was decreased. The highest production of starch equivalent was obtained when a cover crop was used.2. In the absence of a cover crop, the yield of red clover was higher under infrequent defoliation, but the yield of white clover was higher under frequent grazing.3. Frequent grazing, and the use of a cover crop, reduced the ingress of weeds more than infrequent defoliation. Nitrogen applied to the cover crop also reduced the growth of weeds.4. Nitro-chalk increased the total yield of herbage except when under a cover crop; it reduced the growth of red and white clovers, but this was not so marked under frequent grazing.5. Nitro-chalk increased the annual yield of crude protein under frequent grazing, but decreased it in all herbage mixtures under infrequent defoliation; nitrogen had no effect when a cover crop was used. The increase in yield of starch equivalent due to the application of nitrogen and its apparent recovery was greater under frequent grazing than under the other two managements. Under infrequent defoliation, in the absence of a cover crop, the recovery of nitrogen was particularly low.6. The ryegrass mixture and ryegrass-dominant general-purpose mixture made more growth, and suppressed clover and weeds to a greater extent than did the timothy and cocksfoot mixtures. This was modified by management in that ryegrass was particularly aggressive under frequent grazing (management 1) but not under managements 2 and 3.7. In the autumn of the seeding year the yield of total herbage was highest under infrequent defoliation, particularly in the cocksfoot, and general-purpose swards. All undersown mixtures gave lower yields than when no cover crop was used.8. Nitrogen increased the yield of herbage in May and June under frequent grazing, and in the August cut under infrequent defoliation, but in the autumn particularly it was reduced where a cover crop was used.9. The application of nitrogen decreased the protein content in all herbage mixtures when a cover crop was used or when defoliation was infrequent. Under frequent grazing the nitrogen increased the percentage of crude protein in the first two grazings, but decreased it in the September grazing.10. The production from the various mixtures was modified by management: under frequent grazing in May the ryegrass-dominant mixtures were higher yielding than the others, but in July the general-purpose and cocksfoot swards were the most productive. Under infrequent defoliation in August the timothy mixture had the highest yield and cocksfoot the lowest, and under this management cocksfoot and timothy swards had the highest yield in the autumn of the seeding year.

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