Inter‐individual variation in colour patterns in noctuid moths characterizes long‐distance dispersers and agricultural pests

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 992-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per‐Eric Betzholtz ◽  
Anders Forsman ◽  
Markus Franzén
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Colour Patterns

scholarly journals Acoustic Repertoire of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus) and Individual Variation of Long-Distance Calls

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milada Řeháková-Petrů ◽  
Richard Policht ◽  
Lubomír Peške
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Communication ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Vocal Repertoire ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Distress Call ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Solitary Living ◽  
Species Taxonomy

We present the spectrographic description of the vocal repertoire of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus), a solitary living nocturnal primate for which a very limited information about acoustic communication exists to date. The majority of vocalizations were performed around sunset and, less frequently, at sunrise. We identified eight call types. Five calls recorded during communication between adults included three long-distance calls—loud call, smack-whistle, and whistle—then a soft locust-like chirp and a bird-like trill. Two other calls—cheep and twitter—were recorded during mother-infant communication. One distress call was emitted by adults during handling. All calls were performed in the 9752 Hz to more than 22 kHz frequency range. This study provides the first evidence of individual variation in the long-distance calls performed by tarsiers. Moreover, our study provides a basis for future comparison within as well as between tarsier species taxonomy. Bioacoustic methods can be used in monitoring of these cryptic species and determining their distribution range. Thus, bioacoustic studies can help to improve conservation strategies of different population/species.

scholarly journals Individual variation in orientation promotes a 3000‐km latitudinal change in wintering grounds in a long‐distance migratory raptor

Ibis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo Mellone ◽  
Giuseppe Lucia ◽  
Egidio Mallìa ◽  
Vicente Urios
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Wintering Grounds

scholarly journals The evolution of darker wings in seabirds in relation to temperature-dependent flight efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (180) ◽  
pp. 20210236
Author(s):  
Svana Rogalla ◽  
Michaël P. J. Nicolaï ◽  
Sara Porchetta ◽  
Gertjan Glabeke ◽  
Claudia Battistella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Wind Tunnel Experiments ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Lift And Drag

Seabirds have evolved numerous adaptations that allow them to thrive under hostile conditions. Many seabirds share similar colour patterns, often with dark wings, suggesting that their coloration might be adaptive. Interestingly, these darker wings become hotter when birds fly under high solar irradiance, and previous studies on aerofoils have provided evidence that aerofoil surface heating can affect the ratio between lift and drag, i.e. flight efficiency. However, whether this effect benefits birds remains unknown. Here, we first used phylogenetic analyses to show that strictly oceanic seabirds with a higher glide performance (optimized by reduced sink rates, i.e. the altitude lost over time) have evolved darker wings, potentially as an additional adaptation to improve flight. Using wind tunnel experiments, we then showed that radiative heating of bird wings indeed improves their flight efficiency. These results illustrate that seabirds may have evolved wing pigmentation in part through selection for flight performance under extreme ocean conditions. We suggest that other bird clades, particularly long-distance migrants, might also benefit from this effect and therefore might show similar evolutionary trajectories. These findings may also serve as a guide for bioinspired innovations in aerospace and aviation, especially in low-speed regimes.

scholarly journals Inter-Individual Differences in Ornamental Colouration in a Mediterranean Lizard in Relation to Altitude, Season, Sex, Age, and Body Traits

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Gregorio Moreno-Rueda ◽  
Senda Reguera ◽  
Francisco J. Zamora-Camacho ◽  
Mar Comas
Keyword(s):  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Head Size ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Altitudinal Variation ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Psammodromus Algirus ◽  
Colour Saturation ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Colour Signals

Animals frequently show complex colour patterns involved in social communication, which attracts great interest in evolutionary and behavioural ecology. Most researchers interpret that each colour in animals with multiple patches may either signal a different bearer’s trait or redundantly convey the same information. Colour signals, moreover, may vary geographically and according to bearer qualities. In this study, we analyse different sources of colour variation in the eastern clade of the lizard Psammodromus algirus. Sexual dichromatism markedly differs between clades; both possess lateral blue eyespots, but whereas males in the western populations display strikingly colourful orange-red throats during the breeding season, eastern lizards only show some commissure pigmentation and light yellow throats. We analyse how different colour traits (commissure and throat colouration, and the number of blue eyespots) vary according to body size, head size (an indicator of fighting ability), and sex along an elevational gradient. Our findings show that blue eyespots function independently from colour patches in the commissure and throat, which were interrelated. Males had more eyespots and orange commissures (which were yellow or colourless in females). Throat colour saturation and the presence of coloured commissures increased in older lizards. The number of eyespots, presence of a coloured commissure, and throat colour saturation positively related to head size. However, while the number of eyespots was maximal at lowlands, throat colour saturation increased with altitude. Overall, our results suggest that this lizard harbours several colour signals, which altitudinally differ in their importance, but generally provide redundant information. The relevance of each signal may depend on the context. For example, all signals indicate head size, but commissure colouration may work well at a short distance and when the lizard opens the mouth, while both throat and eyespots might work better at long distance. Meanwhile, throat colouration and eyespots probably work better in different light conditions, which might explain the altitudinal variation in the relative importance of each colour component.

scholarly journals Inter-individual Variability of Functional Connectivity in Awake and Anesthetized Rhesus Monkeys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Xu ◽  
Darrick Sturgeon ◽  
Julian S.B. Ramirez ◽  
Seán Froudist-Walsh ◽  
Daniel S. Margulies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lower Variability

ABSTRACTBackgroundNonhuman primate models (NHP) are commonly used to advance our understanding of brain function and organization. However, to date, they have offered few insights into individual differences among NHPs. In large part, this is due to the logistical challenges of NHP research, which limit most studies to five subjects or fewer.MethodsWe leveraged the availability of a large-scale open NHP imaging resource to provide an initial examination of individual differences in the functional organization of the nonhuman primate brain. Specifically, we selected one awake fMRI dataset (Newcastle: n = 10) and two anesthetized fMRI data sets (Oxford: n = 19; UC-Davis: n = 19) to examine individual differences in functional connectivity characteristics across the cortex, as well as potential state dependencies.ResultsWe noted significant individual variations of functional connectivity across the macaque cortex. Similar to the findings in human, during the awake state, the primary sensory and motor cortices showed lower variability than the high-order association regions. This variability pattern was significantly correlated with T1w/T2w map, the degree of long-distance connectivity, but not short-distance connectivity. However, the inter-individual variability under anesthesia exhibited a very distinct pattern, with lower variability in medial frontal cortex, precuneus and somatomotor regions and higher variability in the lateral ventral frontal and insular cortices.ConclusionsThis work has implications for our understanding of the evolutionary origins of individual variation in the human brain, as well as methodological implications that must be considered in any pursuit to study individual variation in NHP models.

scholarly journals Variable coloration is associated with dampened population fluctuations in noctuid moths

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20142922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Forsman ◽  
Per-Eric Betzholtz ◽  
Markus Franzén
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Abundance Fluctuations

Theory and recent reviews state that greater genetic and phenotypic variation should be beneficial for population abundance and stability. Experimental evaluations of this prediction are rare, of short duration and conducted under controlled environmental settings. The question whether greater diversity in functionally important traits stabilizes populations under more complex ecological conditions in the wild has not been systematically evaluated. Moths are mainly nocturnal, with a large variation in colour patterns among species, and constitute an important food source for many types of organisms. Here, we report the results of a long-term (2003–2013) monitoring study of 115 100 noctuid moths from 246 species. Analysis of time-series data provide rare evidence that species with higher levels of inter-individual variation in colour pattern have higher average abundances and undergo smaller between-year fluctuations compared with species having less variable colour patterns. The signature of interspecific temporal synchronization of abundance fluctuations was weak, suggesting that the dynamics were driven by species-specific biotic interactions rather than by some common, density-independent factor(s). We conclude that individual variation in colour patterns dampens population abundance fluctuations, and suggest that this may partly reflect that colour pattern polymorphism provides protection from visually oriented predators and parasitoids.

scholarly journals The importance of individual movement and feeding behaviour for long-distance seed dispersal by red deer: a data-driven model

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Wright ◽  
Marco Heurich ◽  
Carsten M. Buchmann ◽  
Reinhard Böcker ◽  
Frank M. Schurr
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ample Evidence

Abstract Background Long-distance seed dispersal (LDD) has strong impacts on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plants. Large animals are important LDD vectors because they regularly transport seeds of many plant species over long distances. While there is now ample evidence that behaviour varies considerably between individual animals, it is not clear to what extent inter-individual variation in behaviour alters seed dispersal by animals. Methods We study how inter-individual variation in the movement and feeding behaviour of one of Europe’s largest herbivores (the red deer, Cervus elaphus) affects internal seed dispersal (endozoochory) of multiple plant species. We combine movement data of 21 individual deer with measurements of seed loads in the dung of the same individuals and with data on gut passage time. These data serve to parameterize a model of passive dispersal that predicts LDD in three orientations (horizontal as well as upward and downward in elevation). With this model we investigate to what extent per-seed probabilities of LDD and seed load vary between individuals and throughout the vegetation period (May–December). Subsequently, we test whether per-seed LDD probability and seed load are positively (or negatively) correlated so that more mobile animals disperse more (or less) seeds. Finally, we examine whether non-random associations between per-seed LDD probability and seed load affect the LDD of individual plant species. Results The studied deer dispersed viable seeds of at least 62 plant species. Deer individuals varied significantly in per-seed LDD probability and seed loads. However, more mobile animals did not disperse more or less seeds than less mobile ones. Plant species also did not differ significantly in the relationship between per-seed LDD probability and seed load. Yet plant species differed in how their seed load was distributed across deer individuals and in time, and this caused their LDD potential to differ more than twofold. For several plant species, we detected non-random associations between per-seed LDD probability and seed load that generally increased LDD potential. Conclusions Inter-individual variation in movement and feeding behaviour means that certain deer are substantially more effective LDD vectors than others. This inter-individual variation reduces the reliability of LDD and increases the sensitivity of LDD to the decline of deer populations. Variation in the dispersal services of individual animals should thus be taken into account in models in order to improve LDD projections.

scholarly journals Acoustic individuality in the hissing calls of the male black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix)

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11837
Author(s):  
Lucie Hambálková ◽  
Richard Policht ◽  
Jiří Horák ◽  
Vlastimil Hart
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Black Grouse ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mating Partner ◽  
Vocal Individuality ◽  
Discrimination Model ◽  
Hissing Sound ◽  
Competitor Recognition

Acoustic individuality may well play a big role during the mating season of many birds. Black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) produces two different long-distance calls during mating on leks: rookooing and hissing calls. The first one represents low frequency series of bubbling sounds and the second one represents hissing sound. This hissing represents a signal not produced by the syrinx. We analyzed 426 hissing calls from 24 individuals in Finland and Scotland. We conducted cross-validated discrimination analyses (DFA). The discrimination model classified each call with almost 78% accuracy (conventional result) and the validated DFA revealed 71% output, that is much higher than classification by chance (4%). The most important variables were Frequency 95%, 1st Quartile Frequency, Aggregate Entropy and Duration 90%. We also tested whether between individual variation is higher than within individual variation using PIC (Potential for individual coding) and we found that all acoustic parameters had PIC > 1. We confirmed that hissing call of black grouse is individually distinct. In comparison to the signals produced by the syrinx, non-vocal sounds have been studied rarely and according to our knowledge, this is the second evidence of vocal individuality in avian hissing sounds which are not produced by syrinx. Individuality in the vocalization of the male black grouse may aid females in mating partner selection, and for males it may enable competitor recognition and assessment. Individually distinct hissing calls could be of possible use to monitor individuals on leks. Such a method could overcome problems during traditional monitoring methods of this species, when one individual can be counted multiple times, because catching and traditional marking is problematic in this species.

scholarly journals Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Francesca Scolari ◽  
Federica Valerio ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Nikos T. Papadopoulos ◽  
Lucie Vaníčková
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Wide Range

The Dipteran family Tephritidae (true fruit flies) comprises more than 5000 species classified in 500 genera distributed worldwide. Tephritidae include devastating agricultural pests and highly invasive species whose spread is currently facilitated by globalization, international trade and human mobility. The ability to identify and exploit a wide range of host plants for oviposition, as well as effective and diversified reproductive strategies, are among the key features supporting tephritid biological success. Intraspecific communication involves the exchange of a complex set of sensory cues that are species- and sex-specific. Chemical signals, which are standing out in tephritid communication, comprise long-distance pheromones emitted by one or both sexes, cuticular hydrocarbons with limited volatility deposited on the surrounding substrate or on the insect body regulating medium- to short-distance communication, and host-marking compounds deposited on the fruit after oviposition. In this review, the current knowledge on tephritid chemical communication was analysed with a special emphasis on fruit fly pest species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis genera. The multidisciplinary approaches adopted for characterising tephritid semiochemicals, and the real-world applications and challenges for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological control strategies are critically discussed. Future perspectives for targeted research on fruit fly chemical communication are highlighted.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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