scholarly journals Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Francesca Scolari ◽  
Federica Valerio ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Nikos T. Papadopoulos ◽  
Lucie Vaníčková
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Wide Range

The Dipteran family Tephritidae (true fruit flies) comprises more than 5000 species classified in 500 genera distributed worldwide. Tephritidae include devastating agricultural pests and highly invasive species whose spread is currently facilitated by globalization, international trade and human mobility. The ability to identify and exploit a wide range of host plants for oviposition, as well as effective and diversified reproductive strategies, are among the key features supporting tephritid biological success. Intraspecific communication involves the exchange of a complex set of sensory cues that are species- and sex-specific. Chemical signals, which are standing out in tephritid communication, comprise long-distance pheromones emitted by one or both sexes, cuticular hydrocarbons with limited volatility deposited on the surrounding substrate or on the insect body regulating medium- to short-distance communication, and host-marking compounds deposited on the fruit after oviposition. In this review, the current knowledge on tephritid chemical communication was analysed with a special emphasis on fruit fly pest species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis genera. The multidisciplinary approaches adopted for characterising tephritid semiochemicals, and the real-world applications and challenges for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological control strategies are critically discussed. Future perspectives for targeted research on fruit fly chemical communication are highlighted.

scholarly journals Inferring Modes of Colonization for Pest Species Using Heterozygosity Comparisons and a Shared-Allele Test

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 823-831
Author(s):  
J A Sved ◽  
H Yu ◽  
B Dominiak ◽  
A S Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Resampling Methods ◽  
Shared Allele ◽  
The Core ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Abstract Long-range dispersal of a species may involve either a single long-distance movement from a core population or spreading via unobserved intermediate populations. Where the new populations originate as small propagules, genetic drift may be extreme and gene frequency or assignment methods may not prove useful in determining the relation between the core population and outbreak samples. We describe computationally simple resampling methods for use in this situation to distinguish between the different modes of dispersal. First, estimates of heterozygosity can be used to test for direct sampling from the core population and to estimate the effective size of intermediate populations. Second, a test of sharing of alleles, particularly rare alleles, can show whether outbreaks are related to each other rather than arriving as independent samples from the core population. The shared-allele statistic also serves as a genetic distance measure that is appropriate for small samples. These methods were applied to data on a fruit fly pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, which is quarantined from some horticultural areas in Australia. We concluded that the outbreaks in the quarantine zone came from a heterogeneous set of genetically differentiated populations, possibly ones that overwinter in the vicinity of the quarantine zone.

scholarly journals Detection and characterization of bacterial endosymbionts in Southeast Asian tephritid fruit fly populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias D. Asimakis ◽  
Vangelis Doudoumis ◽  
Ashok B. Hadapad ◽  
Ramesh S. Hire ◽  
Costas Batargias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Tephritid Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Common Group

Abstract Background Various endosymbiotic bacteria, including Wolbachia of the Alphaproteobacteria, infect a wide range of insects and are capable of inducing reproductive abnormalities to their hosts such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, feminization and male-killing. These extended phenotypes can be potentially exploited in enhancing environmentally friendly methods, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT), for controlling natural populations of agricultural pests. The goal of the present study is to investigate the presence of Wolbachia, Spiroplasma,Arsenophonus and Cardinium among Bactrocera,Dacus and Zeugodacus flies of Southeast Asian populations, and to genotype any detected Wolbachia strains. Results A specific 16S rRNA PCR assay was used to investigate the presence of reproductive parasites in natural populations of nine different tephritid species originating from three Asian countries, Bangladesh, China and India. Wolbachia infections were identified in Bactrocera dorsalis, B. correcta, B. scutellaris andB. zonata, with 12.2–42.9% occurrence, Entomoplasmatales in B. dorsalis, B. correcta, B. scutellaris, B. zonata,Zeugodacus cucurbitae and Z. tau (0.8–14.3%) and Cardinium in B. dorsalis andZ. tau (0.9–5.8%), while none of the species tested, harbored infections with Arsenophonus. Infected populations showed a medium (between 10 and 90%) or low (< 10%) prevalence, ranging from 3 to 80% for Wolbachia, 2 to 33% for Entomoplasmatales and 5 to 45% for Cardinium. Wolbachia and Entomoplasmatales infections were found both in tropical and subtropical populations, the former mostly in India and the latter in various regions of India and Bangladesh. Cardinium infections were identified in both countries but only in subtropical populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence ofWolbachia with some strains belonging either to supergroup B or supergroup A. Sequence analysis revealed deletions of variable length and nucleotide variation in three Wolbachia genes. Spiroplasma strains were characterized as citri–chrysopicola–mirum and ixodetis strains while the remaining Entomoplasmatales to the Mycoides–Entomoplasmataceae clade.Cardinium strains were characterized as group A, similar to strains infecting Encarsia pergandiella. Conclusions Our results indicated that in the Southeast natural populations examined, supergroup A Wolbachia strain infections were the most common, followed by Entomoplasmatales and Cardinium. In terms of diversity, most strains of each bacterial genus detected clustered in a common group. Interestingly, the deletions detected in three Wolbachia genes were either new or similar to those of previously identified pseudogenes that were integrated in the host genome indicating putative horizontal gene transfer events in B. dorsalis, B. correcta and B. zonata.

scholarly journals Disruption of Host-Symbiont Associations for the Symbiotic Control and Management of Pentatomid Agricultural Pests—A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Gonella ◽  
Bianca Orrù ◽  
Ramona Marasco ◽  
Daniele Daffonchio ◽  
Alberto Alma
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
The Family

The family Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) includes several invasive stink bug species capable to attack a large number of wild and cultivated plants, causing several damages to different crops. Pentatomids rely on obligate symbiotic associations with bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, mainly of the genus Pantoea. A distinctive trait of these associations is the transmission route: during oviposition, females smear egg masses with symbiont-containing secretions, which are ingested by newly hatched nymphs, allowing the symbiont to pass through their digestive tract and establish in the crypts of the posterior midgut. Preventing newborns from orally acquiring symbionts seriously affects their fitness and survival. This symbiont inheritance process can be manipulated to develop innovative pest control measures by sterilization of egg masses prior to nymph hatching. This review summarizes the recent knowledge advances concerning the gut primary symbionts of pentatomids, with a specific focus on the most troubling pest species for agriculture. Current understanding of host colonization dynamics in pentatomids is presented, as well as the phenotypic effects determined in different insect species by the alteration of vertical transmission. Details on the current knowledge on the whole bacterial communities accompanying primary symbionts are analyzed. The recent research exploiting the perturbation of symbiont acquisition by pentatomid nymphs is discussed, by considering published work on laboratory and field trials with several active substances. These translational strategies are presently regarded as promising for limiting the populations of many important pentatomid pests in a sustainable way.

Two new species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Ecuador

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4820 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRY TROYA ◽  
ALLEN L. NORRBOM ◽  
JULIA E. BOLANOS PINEDA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
A New Species

Despite the fact that many species are economically important agricultural pests, the fruit fly fauna of Ecuador is still relatively poorly known. To better understand this fauna and the distribution and host plants of the pest species, the Proyecto Nacional de Manejo de las Moscas de la Fruta of AGROCALIDAD has conducted trapping surveys in many parts of the country. Two new species of Anastrepha from Ecuador that were collected by this project are described and illustrated: A. quadripuncta Troya & Norrbom and A. tinctobasis Troya & Norrbom. A new species group, the morvasi group, is recognized for A. morvasi Zucchi and A. quadripuncta.

scholarly journals Wood Modification as a Tool to Understand Moisture in Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Emil Engelund Thybring ◽  
Maria Fredriksson
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Wide Range

Moisture plays a central role in the performance of wood products because it affects important material properties such as the resistance to decomposition, the mechanical properties, and the dimensions. To improve wood performance, a wide range of wood modification techniques that alter the wood chemistry in various ways have been described in the literature. Typically, these modifications aim to improve resistance to decomposition, dimensional stability, or, to introduce novel functionalities in the wood. However, wood modification techniques can also be an important tool to improve our understanding of the interactions between wood and moisture. In this review, we describe current knowledge gaps in our understanding of moisture in wood and how modification has been and could be used to clarify some of these gaps. This review shows that introducing specific chemical changes, and even controlling the distribution of these, in combination with the variety of experimental methods available for characterization of moisture in wood, could give novel insights into the interaction between moisture and wood. Such insights could further contribute to applications in several related fields of research such as how to enhance the resistance to decomposition, how to improve the performance of moisture-induced wooden actuators, or how to improve the utilization of wood biomass with challenging swelling anisotropy.

scholarly journals Overview of fruit flies important for fruit production on the Montenegro seacoast

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Radonjić ◽  
Snježana Hrnčić ◽  
Tatjana Perović
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family

Description of the subject. Fruit flies are a large group of pests belonging to the order Diptera. The family Tephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as “fruit flies”. Tephritidae (true fruit flies) represent one of the largest families of flies and are part of a group of the most destructive agricultural pests in the world, attacking a wide range of fruits and fleshy vegetables. The other fruit fly family is the Drosophilidae, often called “vinegar flies”. There are also fly species from other Diptera families that attack the fruits of agricultural crops. Objectives. Due to its favorable geographic position and Mediterranean climate, the Montenegro seacoast is suited to fruit and vegetable production. The aim of this study was to make an inventory of the fruit fly species affecting fruit crops on the Montenegro seacoast. Method. The study area was 300 km along the Montenegro coast. Different types of traps (lure attractants, pheromone, and yellow sticky traps) were used for the monitoring, detection and recording of the spread of fruit flies in the area. Results. From an economic point of view, the most important species of fruit flies recorded were the Bactrocera oleae Gmel. and Ceratitis capitata Wiedem. Rhagoletis cerasi L. and Carpomya vesuviana Costa were also found to be present. Although several specimens of Rhagoletis cingulata Loew were detected in 2013-2014, this species has not, to date, been considered as established in the area of study. After the first detection of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura in 2013, this fruit fly was found to spread rapidly, and its presence is now observed along the whole Montenegro seacoast. One of the fruit fly species recorded, Silba adipata McAlpine, is considered to be one of the most destructive pests for fig production in Montenegro. Conclusions. Of seven species recorded in the study, five belonged to the family Tephritidae, and one each to Drosophilidae and Lonchaeidae.

Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. De Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractThe fruit fly genus Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises several important pest species attacking a wide range of unrelated fruits. This is the second paper in a series revising this genus, and deals with representatives of the subgenus Ceratalaspis. Thirty-six species are recognized, of which five are described as new: C. sucinisp. n., C. hancockisp. n., C. neosticticasp. n., C. paradumetisp. n. and C. mlimaensissp. n.Ceratitis pycnanthi (Ghesquière) is considered to be synonymous with C. striatella Munro, and the possible synonymies of C. giffardi Bezzi and C. sarcocephali (Bezzi) with C. cosyra (Walker), as well as C. lineata (Hering) with C. striatella Munro are discussed. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: C. connexa (Bezzi), C. discussa Munro, C. divaricata (Munro), C. dumeti Munro, C. lentigera Munro, C. lunata Munro, C. marriotti Munro, C. melanopus (Hering), C. parinarii (Hering), C. quinaria (Bezzi), C. scaevolae (Munro), and C. simi Munro. A key is provided, with illustrations of mesonotal and wing patterns and shape of aculeus tip. All species are Afrotropical and most are restricted to the sub-saharan region, except for C. quinaria which is also known from the Middle East (Yemen). Distribution and known host plant data are given. Tentative species groups within the subgenus are discussed.

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