Latitudinal gradients in some, but not all, avian life history traits extend into the Arctic

Ibis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-813
Author(s):  
Michaela Martin ◽  
Anna Drake ◽  
Christine A. Rock ◽  
David J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
The Arctic

scholarly journals Population declines of tuna and relatives depend on their speed of life

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20150322 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Juan-Jordá ◽  
I. Mosqueira ◽  
J. Freire ◽  
N. K. Dulvy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Exploitation Status

Larger-bodied species in a wide range of taxonomic groups including mammals, fishes and birds tend to decline more steeply and are at greater risk of extinction. Yet, the diversity in life histories is governed not only by body size, but also by time-related traits. A key question is whether this size-dependency of vulnerability also holds, not just locally, but globally across a wider range of environments. We test the relative importance of size- and time-related life-history traits and fishing mortality in determining population declines and current exploitation status in tunas and their relatives. We use high-quality datasets of half a century of population trajectories combined with population-level fishing mortalities and life-history traits. Time-related traits (e.g. growth rate), rather than size-related traits (e.g. maximum size), better explain the extent and rate of declines and current exploitation status across tuna assemblages, after controlling for fishing mortality. Consequently, there is strong geographical patterning in population declines, such that populations with slower life histories (found at higher cooler latitudes) have declined most and more steeply and have a higher probability of being overfished than populations with faster life histories (found at tropical latitudes). Hence, the strong, temperature-driven, latitudinal gradients in life-history traits may underlie the global patterning of population declines, fisheries collapses and local extinctions.

Life history traits in a cyclic ecosystem: a field experiment on the arctic fox

Oecologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Meijer ◽  
Bodil Elmhagen ◽  
Nina E. Eide ◽  
Anders Angerbjörn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Fox

scholarly journals Impacts of reduced Lepidurus arcticus availability on brown trout life history traits in a mountain reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna-Kaisa Lakka ◽  
Antti P. Eloranta ◽  
Trygve Hesthagen ◽  
Randi Saksgård ◽  
Michael Power
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Trout Population ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Lepidurus arcticus (the Arctic tadpole shrimp) is a vulnerable keystone species in Arctic and alpine water bodies where its occurrence and population size may influence the viability and life history traits of resident salmonids. Using data from a Norwegian mountain hydropower reservoir, Aursjoen, we illustrate how reduced availability of L. arcticus as prey resulted in the reduced condition, growth and delayed maturation of resident brown trout (Salmo trutta). We further link changes in the relative abundance of L. arcticus as prey to changing reservoir conditions, e.g. water level changes in the spring period, thereby establishing an indirect link between reservoir operation regimes and brown trout population traits. While no evidence for decreased brown trout survival was found, the results indicate that alternative brown trout prey resources, i.e. the small chydorid cladoceran Eurycercus lamellatus, do not appear to have successfully offset the caloric loss from reduced consumption of large-sized L. arcticus. Although the fundamental explanation for the observed L. arcticus collapse remains largely unknown, the present findings provide strong evidence that this vulnerable crustacean species can affect the abundance, viability and life history traits of valued resident salmonid populations in oligotrophic alpine lakes and reservoirs exposed to climate- and hydropower-driven changes in water levels and temperature.

scholarly journals Variation in Egg Size and Laying Date in Thick-Billed Murre Populations Breeding in the Low Arctic and High Arctic

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Hipfner ◽  
Anthony J. Gaston ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Low Arctic ◽  
Historia De Vida

Abstract We used data collected across 28 years (1975–2002) to compare how timing of laying and egg size respond to environmental variability in two low-arctic and two high-arctic Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia) populations. Ice conditions strongly affect food availability to marine birds in the Arctic, and the percentage of the sea's surface covered by ice within 300 km of the breeding colony varied more among years near the start of laying at our high-arctic study colonies (Prince Leopold and Coburg Islands, Nunavut, Canada) than at our low-arctic study colonies (Coats and Digges Islands, Nunavut). However, mean values differed little. These results indicate that Thick-billed Murres breeding in the High Arctic experience more variable ice conditions, but not necessarily more severe ice conditions, during the period of egg formation. In response, both median laying date and mean egg size varied more among years at high-arctic than at low-arctic colonies. Several lines of evidence suggested that the variation was a result of within-female effects, i.e., phenotypic plasticity rather than different individuals breeding in years in which environmental conditions differed. Previous studies have shown that Thick-billed Murres lay eggs later in years of heavier ice coverage, especially in the High Arctic where ice conditions can be severe, and only in the High Arctic was later laying associated with reduced egg size. The relationship tended towards a negative asymptote suggesting that each female may have her own minimum egg size. Our results show that Thick-billed Murres that inhabit a more variable environment display greater variability in life-history traits. More generally, they offer insight into mechanisms linking environmental heterogeneity to phenotypic variation in life-history traits. Variación en el Tamaño del Huevo y la Fecha de Puesta en Poblaciones Reproductivas de Uria lomvia en el Ártico Bajo y el Ártico Alto Resumen. Empleamos datos colectados a lo largo de 28 años (1975–2002) para determinar cómo el ajuste temporal de la puesta y del tamaño del huevo responde a la variabilidad ambiental en dos poblaciones del Ártico bajo y dos poblaciones del Ártico alto de Uria lomvia. Las condiciones del hielo afectaron fuertemente la disponibilidad de alimentos para las aves marinas en el Ártico. El porcentaje de la superficie del mar cubierta por hielo a menos de 300 km de la colonia reproductiva varió más entre años cerca del inicio de la puesta en nuestras colonias de estudio del Ártico alto (Islas Prince Leopold y Coburg, Nunavut, Canadá) que en nuestras colonias de estudio del Ártico bajo (Islas Coats and Digges, Nunavut). Sin embargo, los valores medios difirieron poco. Estos resultados indican que los individuos de Uria lomvia que crían en el Ártico alto experimentan condiciones de hielo más variables, pero no necesariamente más severas, durante el período de la formación del huevo. Como respuesta, tanto la fecha mediana de puesta y la media del tamaño del huevo variaron más entre años en las colonias del Ártico alto que en las del Ártico bajo. Varias líneas de evidencia sugirieron que esta variación fue el resultado de variaciones propias de las hembras (i.e., plasticidad fenotípica) y no de variación entre individuos diferentes que criaron en años en los cuales las condiciones ambientales difirieron. Estudios previos han mostrado que Uria lomvia realiza su puesta más tarde en los años de mucha cobertura de hielo, especialmente en el Ártico alto, donde las condiciones de hielo pueden ser severas, y sólo en el Ártico alto la demora de la puesta se asoció con una reducción del tamaño del huevo. La relación tendió hacia una asíntota negativa, sugiriendo que cada hembra podría tener su propio tamaño mínimo del huevo. Nuestros resultados muestran que los individuos de Uria lomvia que habitan un ambiente más variable muestran mayor variabilidad en los rasgos de historia de vida. De modo más general, nuestros resultados ofrecen información sobre los mecanismos que vinculan la heterogeneidad ambiental con la variación fenotípica en los rasgos de historia de vida.

scholarly journals Life history traits, but not body size, vary systematically along latitudinal gradients on three continents in the widespread yellow dung fly

Ecography ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2080-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf U. Blanckenhorn ◽  
Stephanie S. Bauerfeind ◽  
David Berger ◽  
Goggy Davidowitz ◽  
Charles W. Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients

Influence of seasonal and latitudinal temperature variation on early life-history traits of a coral reef fish

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miwa Takahashi ◽  
Mark I. McCormick ◽  
Philip L. Munday ◽  
Geoffrey P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life History ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Lizard Island ◽  
Latitudinal Variations

Temporal and latitudinal gradients in ocean temperature may be useful for predicting the likely responses of marine species to accelerating global warming. Here, we examined seasonal variations in early life-history traits of the reef fish Pomacentrus moluccensis at Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Latitudinal variations were then compared among three locations from Kimbe Bay in Papua New Guinea to the southern GBR (18° latitude). At Lizard Island, a 4°C temperature rise from spring to summer was correlated with a 0.13 mm day−1 increase in pre-settlement growth rates and a 3.28-day decrease in pelagic larval duration (PLD). The latitudinal comparison revealed a non-linear relationship where growth rate and settlement size declined and PLD increased at Kimbe Bay where temperature was the highest of all the study sites. Furthermore, the slopes of latitudinal variations in life-history traits as a function of temperature within the GBR were significantly steeper than those in the temporal analysis. These latitudinal patterns were likely to be shaped by (1) the species thermal reaction norm, (2) local adaptation or (3) location-specific environmental and demographic characteristics. The significant correlations of early life-history traits with natural temperature gradients emphasise the potential sensitivity of reef fish larvae to global warming.

scholarly journals Life history and distribution of the Arctic pseudoscorpion, Wyochernes asiaticus (Chernetidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Buddle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Phylogeographic History ◽  
Habitat Affinities

The Pseudoscorpiones are a remarkable yet understudied order of arachnids. The northernmost species in North America, Wyochernes asiaticus (family Chernetidae), occurs under rocks beside rivers or creeks and can be found above the Arctic Circle in Canada. In North America, the species is limited to the northwest, although its global distribution includes parts of Asia. It is presumably a Beringian species with quite specialized habitat affinities. I report on some life history traits of this species, based on examination of nearly 600 specimens from 16 localities in the Yukon and Northwest Territories. All life stages were collected. Of the females, 17% were carrying brood sacs, with an average of 10.5 eggs per brood sac; larger females tended to have larger clutch sizes. Despite these data on the natural history and distribution of W. asiaticus, its phylogeographic history and how the species feeds, disperses, and recolonizes habitats after flooding remain largely unknown.

scholarly journals The microbiota influences theDrosophila melanogasterlife history strategy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber W. Walters ◽  
Melinda K. Matthews ◽  
Rachel Hughes ◽  
Jaanna Malcolm ◽  
Seth Rudman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Life

AbstractOrganismal life history traits are ideally adapted to local environments when an organism has a fitness advantage in one location relative to conspecifics from other geographies. Local adaptation has been best studied across, for example, latitudinal gradients, where organisms may tradeoff between investment in traits that maximize one, but not both, fitness components of somatic maintenance or reproductive output in the context of finite environmental resources. Latitudinal gradients in life history strategies are traditionally attributed to environmentally mediated selection on an animal’s genotype, without any consideration of the possible impact of associated microorganisms (‘microbiota’) on life history traits. Here we show that inDrosophila melanogaster, a key organism for studying local adaptation and life history strategies, associated microorganisms can drive life history variation. First, we reveal that an isogenic fly line reared with different bacteria vary the investment in early reproduction versus somatic maintenance, with little resultant variation in lifetime fitness. Next, we show that in wildDrosophilathe abundance of these same bacteria was correlated with the latitude and life history strategy of the flies, and bacterial abundance was driven at least in part by host genetic selection. Finally, by eliminating or manipulating the microbiota of fly lines collected across a latitudinal gradient, we reveal that host genotype contributes to latitude-specific life history traits independent of the microbiota; but that the microbiota can override these host genetic adaptations. Taken together, these findings establish the microbiota as an essential consideration in local adaptation and life history evolution.Significance statementExplanations of local adaptation have historically focused on how animal genotypes respond to environmental selection. Although the impact of variation in host life histories on the composition of the microbiota has been investigated for many associations, the scale and pattern of microbial effects on host life history strategy are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate in the fruit flyDrosophila melanogasterthat microbiota effects on host life history strategy in the laboratory are matched by patterns of microbiota composition in wild host populations. In particular, microbiota composition varies with latitude and the effects of the microbiota on life history traits are greater than host genetic adaptations. Together, these findings demonstrate that the microbiota plays an important role in local adaptation.

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