scholarly journals The microbiota influences theDrosophila melanogasterlife history strategy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber W. Walters ◽  
Melinda K. Matthews ◽  
Rachel Hughes ◽  
Jaanna Malcolm ◽  
Seth Rudman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Life

AbstractOrganismal life history traits are ideally adapted to local environments when an organism has a fitness advantage in one location relative to conspecifics from other geographies. Local adaptation has been best studied across, for example, latitudinal gradients, where organisms may tradeoff between investment in traits that maximize one, but not both, fitness components of somatic maintenance or reproductive output in the context of finite environmental resources. Latitudinal gradients in life history strategies are traditionally attributed to environmentally mediated selection on an animal’s genotype, without any consideration of the possible impact of associated microorganisms (‘microbiota’) on life history traits. Here we show that inDrosophila melanogaster, a key organism for studying local adaptation and life history strategies, associated microorganisms can drive life history variation. First, we reveal that an isogenic fly line reared with different bacteria vary the investment in early reproduction versus somatic maintenance, with little resultant variation in lifetime fitness. Next, we show that in wildDrosophilathe abundance of these same bacteria was correlated with the latitude and life history strategy of the flies, and bacterial abundance was driven at least in part by host genetic selection. Finally, by eliminating or manipulating the microbiota of fly lines collected across a latitudinal gradient, we reveal that host genotype contributes to latitude-specific life history traits independent of the microbiota; but that the microbiota can override these host genetic adaptations. Taken together, these findings establish the microbiota as an essential consideration in local adaptation and life history evolution.Significance statementExplanations of local adaptation have historically focused on how animal genotypes respond to environmental selection. Although the impact of variation in host life histories on the composition of the microbiota has been investigated for many associations, the scale and pattern of microbial effects on host life history strategy are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate in the fruit flyDrosophila melanogasterthat microbiota effects on host life history strategy in the laboratory are matched by patterns of microbiota composition in wild host populations. In particular, microbiota composition varies with latitude and the effects of the microbiota on life history traits are greater than host genetic adaptations. Together, these findings demonstrate that the microbiota plays an important role in local adaptation.

scholarly journals Do human ‘life history strategies’ exist?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Sear
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Life History ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Human Sciences

Interest in incorporating life history research from evolutionary biology into the human sciences has grown rapidly in recent years. Two core features of this research have the potential to prove valuable in strengthening theoretical frameworks in the health and social sciences: the idea that these is a fundamental trade-off between reproduction and health; and that environmental influences are important in determining individual life histories. For example, the idea that mortality risk in the environment shifts individuals along a ‘fast-slow continuum’ of ‘life history strategy’ is now popular in the evolutionary human sciences. In biology, ‘fast’ life history strategists prioritise reproduction over health so that individuals grow quickly, reproduce early and often, and suffer a rapid deterioration in health and relatively early death; ‘slow’ strategists start reproducing later, have fewer offspring, and die at an older age. Evolutionary human scientists tend to assume that, along with these life history outcomes, several behavioural traits, such as parenting, mating and risk-taking behaviour and, in the most expansive version, a whole suite of psychological and personality traits also cluster together into ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ life histories. Here, I review the different approaches to life history strategies from evolutionary anthropologists, developmental psychologists and evolutionary psychologists, in order to assess the theoretical and empirical evidence for human ‘life history strategies’. While there is precedent in biology for the argument that some behavioural traits, notably risk-taking behaviour, may be linked in predictable ways with life history outcomes, there is relatively little theoretical or empirical justification for including a very wide range of behavioural traits in a ‘life history strategy’. Given the diversity and lack of consistency in this human life history literature, I then make recommendations for improving its usefulness: 1) greater clarity over terminology, so that a distinction is made between life history outcomes such as age at maturity, first birth and death, and behavioural traits which may be associated with life history outcomes but are not life history traits themselves; 2) more empirical data on linkages between life history traits, behavioural traits and the environment, including the underlying mechanisms which generate these linkages; 3) more empirical work on life history strategies in a much broader range of populations than has so far been studied. Such a research programme on human life history has the potential to produce valuable insights for the health and social sciences, not least because of its interest in environmental influences on health, reproduction and behaviour.

Life-history strategies of native and introduced fish species from a Mediterranean lake

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
High Fecundity

AbstractSeven life-history traits were used to describe the life-history strategies of 12 native and introduced species from a permanent lake in Spain. Multivariate analysis identified a continuum of life-history patterns between two extremes: 1) species with one or few spawnings per year, short breeding season, long generation time, large size, high fecundity, and no parental care. This set of life-history traits corresponded to the periodic life-history strategy described by Winemiller (1989) and Winemiller and Rose (1992); and 2) species with multiple spawnings per year, prolonged breeding season, short generation time, small size, low fecundity, parental care, and small to medium size of eggs. This association of life-history traits corresponded to the opportunistic life-history strategy described by Winemiller (1989) and Winemiller and Rose (1992). It seems that there were no apparent differences in life-history strategies between native and introduced species in Lake Banyoles. Native and introduced species were found among periodic and opportunistic strategists. Observed differences in the success of native and introduced species with comparable life-history strategies seems to suggest that the success of fish species in Lake Banyoles could not be explained on the basis of life-history features. Nevertheless, it seems that successful invasive species in Lake Banyoles display a suite of traits such as high fecundity, late maturity, and large body size. These characteristics may perhaps be viewed as biological predictors of successful invaders but more information is needed about life-history features of successful introduced species from other ecosystems.

scholarly journals Homo- and Dikaryons of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis Differ in Life History Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Umberto Serghi ◽  
Vasilis Kokkoris ◽  
Calvin Cornell ◽  
Jeremy Dettman ◽  
Franck Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Symbiotic Functioning

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate plant symbionts that have the potential to improve crop yield. These multinucleate organisms are either “homokaryotic” or “dikaryotic”. In AMF dikaryons, thousands of nuclei originating from two parental strains coexist in the same cytoplasm. In other fungi, homokaryotic and dikaryotic strains show distinct life history traits (LHTs), such as variation in growth rates and fitness. However, how such traits compare between dikaryons and homokaryons of AMF is unknown. To address this, we measured 20 LHT of four dikaryons and five homokaryons of the model fungus Rhizophagus irregularis across root organ cultures of three host plants (carrot, chicory, and tobacco). Our analyses show that dikaryons have clearly distinct life history strategies (LHSs) compared to homokaryons. In particular, spores of homokaryons germinate faster and to a higher proportion than dikaryons, whereas dikaryons grow significantly faster and create a more complex hyphal network irrespective of host plant species. Our study links AMF nuclear status with key LHT with possible implications for mycorrhizal symbiotic functioning.

scholarly journals Exploring the life-history implications of colour variation in offshore Gulf of Maine cod (Gadus morhua)

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1640-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham D. Sherwood ◽  
Jonathan H. Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Colour Variation

Abstract Sherwood, G. D., and Grabowski, J. H. 2010. Exploring the life-history implications of colour variation in offshore Gulf of Maine cod (Gadus morhua). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1640–1649. The evolution of alternative life-history strategies in fish has largely been overlooked by fisheries managers, although differences in the biology of life-history variants can have important implications for the scale and productivity of fisheries. Cod display strikingly variable colouration in the Gulf of Maine, with red- and olive-coloured cod found in close sympatry. Colour types from Cashes Ledge, a shallow, offshore (∼100 km) feature, are examined to see whether they differ in key life-history traits including diet, depth distribution, growth, and body morphology. Red cod consumed significantly more crabs, lobsters, and demersal fish, whereas olive cod consumed more shrimp. Stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) varied significantly among colour types, but are thought to reflect baseline differences in δ13C at Cashes Ledge (potentially useful for residence estimates). Red cod were confined to a small area of shallow water (<20 m) and were significantly smaller at age than olive cod. Body shape was used to classify colour types correctly with 84% accuracy; red cod had shorter snouts, deeper bodies, and more slender tails than olive cod. Collectively, the results suggest that red cod are resident at Cashes Ledge and represent a life-history strategy distinct from olive cod.

Effect of time of day, time of year, and life history strategy on time budgeting in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2397-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sveinn K Valdimarsson ◽  
Neil B Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Time Of Year

Traditionally, behavioural studies on juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been conducted during the day in summer. It is known that Atlantic salmon become nocturnal in winter, but very little is known about their behaviour at that time. Therefore, observations in a seminatural stream were carried out during the day and night, from February to June, comparing diel and seasonal differences in behaviour between fish adopting alternative life history strategies. The results showed a general trend for more activity in spring than in winter, and the fish were found to be foraging at surprisingly low light levels. There were differences in relative feeding rate between the life history strategies; the early migrant fish foraged mostly during the day whereas the delayed migrant fish did more foraging at night. There is some evidence that the early migrant fish made fewer feeding attempts over the winter, which is surprising, since they grow faster over that period. This suggests differences in foraging efficiency, which could contribute to the separation into these two life history strategies.

Sexual size dimorphism and life history traits in an island-mainland system: an overview of the lizard genus Microlophus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ken S. Toyama ◽  
Christopher K. Boccia
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
South America ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch's Rule ◽  
Comprehensive Compilation

Abstract Opposing life history strategies are a common result of the different ecological settings experienced by insular and continental species. Here we present a comprehensive compilation of data on sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and life history traits of Microlophus, a genus of lizards distributed in western South America and the Galápagos Islands, and test for differences between insular and continental species under life history theory expectations. Contrary to our predictions, we found no differences in SSD between localities or evidence that Microlophus follows Rensch’s rule. However, as expected, head dimensions and maturity sizes were significantly larger in insular species while continental species had larger clutches. Our results show that Microlophus exhibits some of the patterns expected from an island-mainland system, but unexplained patterns will only be resolved through future ecological, morphological and behavioural studies integrating both faunas.

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN DIAPAUSE INCIDENCE, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, AND CLIMATIC ADAPTATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Evolution ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Schmidt ◽  
Luciano Matzkin ◽  
Michael Ippolito ◽  
Walter F. Eanes
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Climatic Adaptation ◽  
Diapause Incidence

Life History Strategies

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Basic Model

The chapter introduces the basics of life history theory, the concept of life history strategy, and the fast–slow continuum of variation. After reviewing applications to animal behavior and physiology, the chapter reviews current theory and evidence on individual differences in humans as manifestations of alternative life history strategies. The chapter first presents a “basic model” of human life history–related traits, then advances an “extended model” that identifies multiple cognitive-behavioral profiles within fast and slow strategies. Specifically, it is proposed that slow strategies comprise prosocial/caregiving and skilled/provisioning profiles, whereas fast strategies comprise antisocial/exploitative and seductive/creative profiles. The chapter also reviews potential neurobiological markers of life history variation and considers key methodological issues in this area.

scholarly journals RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel life history strategy in a deep sea fish challenges assumptions about reproduction in extreme environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal A. Singer ◽  
Jon A. Moore ◽  
Edward L. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Retracted Article ◽  
Sea Fish

Abstract The deep ocean is frequently assumed to be a homogeneous system lacking the same diverse life history strategies found in shallower waters. However, as our methods for exploring the deep ocean improve, common assumptions about dispersal, reproduction and behavior are constantly being challenged. Fishes exhibit the most diverse reproductive strategies among vertebrates. Understanding life history strategies in deep-sea environments is lacking for many species of fishes. Here, we report a novel reproductive strategy where a fish (Parazen pacificus) provides parental care via mouth brooding. This behavior is observed from a specimen collected with eggs present in the buccal cavity, along with other specimens exhibiting pre-brooding morphologies. This is the first description of this unique life history trait in a deep-sea fish and fills in a gap in the larval literature for this family of fishes and prompts further investigation into other novel reproductive modes of deep-sea fauna.

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