scholarly journals Synchrotron FTIR as a tool for studying populations and individual living cells of green algae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira L. Goff ◽  
Thomas Ellis ◽  
Kenneth E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Protein Profiles ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Sources Of Variation

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy was used to study individual living cells of three closely-related species of the green algae Chlamydomonas. This study differentiated these three species based on differences in lipid and protein profiles, as well explored sources of variation in our measurements. Significant spectral variation was observed between individual cells within a single culture, as well as between control cultures of a species obtained on different days. Despite this, we were able to differentiate between the three close-related species. Differences in the spectra were confirmed using principal component analysis. Understanding the interplay of underlying variation and the degree of induced spectral differences is essential for the deployment of FTIR measurements in both bulk cultures and for individual living cells.

scholarly journals Synchrotron FTIR spectromicroscopy as a tool for studying populations and individual living cells of green algae

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (24) ◽  
pp. 7993-8001
Author(s):  
Kira L. Goff ◽  
Thomas H. Ellis ◽  
Kenneth E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Algal Genus

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy was used to study variations in individual living cells of the green algal genus Chlamydomonas and to distinguuish between three closely-related species.

scholarly journals Rhamnella intermedia (Rhamnaceae), a new evergreen species from southwest Guangxi

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Lu ◽  
Yongshuai Sun
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Nuclear Its

Rhamnella intermedia, a new evergreen species from southwest Guangxi, is described and illustrated in this study. This species is similar to R. brachycarpa by the size and ratio of length to width of dried fruit and seeds, by which it differs from R. rubrinervis and R. tonkinensis. However, it differs from R. brachycarpa by rarely mucronate seed apices, larger ratio of length to width of leaves, leaf apices acuminate to long acuminate, shorter leaf petioles, and longer fruiting pedicels. Principal component analysis based on phenotypic traits further recognised three separated groups. Rhamnella rubrinervis and R. tonkinensis were clustered into one group; the other two groups represented R. brachycarpa and two Guangxi populations, respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ITS sequence variations highly supported that the two Guangxi populations represented an independent evolutionary lineage and were closest to R. rubrinervis. Four fixed nucleotide sites were found and were different from R. rubrinervis. However, besides the differentiated traits in seeds and fruit, densely pilose young branches also separated them from R. rubrinervis. In addition, during our field investigations, none of the three closely related species were found at locations where this new species was distributed. Therefore, this new species, based on the two Guangxi populations, is named R. intermedia. The key to four closely related species is also presented.

A new species of Gomesa (Oncidiinae, Orchidaceae) from inselbergs in Brazilian caatinga: morphological and karyological evidence

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL M. P. CORDEIRO ◽  
FELIPE NOLLET ◽  
MARIA TERESA BURIL ◽  
MARK W. CHASE ◽  
LEONARDO P. FELIX
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Restricted Distribution ◽  
A New Species

We describe a new species of Gomesa (Oncidiinae, Orchidaceae), Gomesa caatingana, with restricted distribution on caatinga inselbergs in Paraíba and Pernambuco States, Brazil. Morphological and karyological characters of the new species were compared with those of Gomesa flexuosa, which is morphologically the most closely related species. Differences in geographical distribution, habit, flower morphology and chromosome number support description of this new species.

scholarly journals Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio):Accounting for Similarities and Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Kraus ◽  
Vivien C. Pellis ◽  
Sergio M. Pellis
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Play Fighting ◽  
Attack And Defense ◽  
Bodily Contact

Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact. It is possible that species differences in how rigidly dominance relationships are maintained are expressed in the play of juveniles by altering the balance between competition and cooperation.

Organization of a taxonomically diverse lizard assemblage in Amazonian Ecuador

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1313-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie J. Vitt ◽  
Peter A. Zani
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Microhabitat Distribution ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Of 22 lizard species studied in eastern Ecuador, 21 were diurnal. Ten were active foragers and 12 were sit-and-wait foragers. Considerable variation existed in habitat and microhabitat distribution and body temperatures among species. Body size varied over an order of magnitude (20–270 mm snout–vent length). Most morphological (size-free) variation among species (77%) was accounted for by two principal component axes and appears tied to phylogeny. Prey size was correlated with lizard size and species were separated by prey size. Low overlaps in microhabitat, habitat, and prey type also separated species. Pseudocommunity analysis indicated structure in the consumer–resource matrix. In some comparisons, prey overlaps among species were greater within than between higher taxa, and closely related species tended to be found in similar habitat patches and microhabitats, suggesting that resource-use patterns are determined to some extent by phylogeny. Ecology, morphology, and phylogeny appear tied together in a complex manner, with resource partitioning contributing to maintenance of structure. Historical interactions among closely related species may have been important in determining which species within particular clades invaded and persisted within local assemblages in lowland forest.

scholarly journals Environmental niche divergence of species from Merodon ruficornis group (Diptera: Syrphidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Acanski ◽  
Marija Milicic ◽  
Laura Likov ◽  
Dubravka Milic ◽  
Snezana Radenkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Niche Divergence ◽  
Environmental Space

In this paper we analyzed environmental differentiation of closely related species from the Merodon ruficornis group. By applying principal component analysis (PCA) and environmental niche modelling (ENM)-based techniques, we estimated the level of niche divergence of closely related species. Our results indicate that ecology has an important role in the diversification process in related species from the M. ruficornis group. Distribution patterns of all analyzed species are mainly affected by the limiting effects of the temperature of the coldest quarter and month, as well as by the precipitation of the wettest and driest quarters. Our results demonstrated that among all related species, with the exception of M. ovaloides, overall or partial divergence in environmental space is present. Importantly, the results indicate that the environmental niches of all endemic species are restricted to smaller parts of the environmental space. In the case of niche overlap, the niches of endemic species are placed along the border of the realized niche of the widespread related species. For species in which distribution is not limited by geographical barriers, environmental preferences could be considered as limiting factors for further expansion, as in the case of M. alexandri, a lowland species with very strict climatic adaptations. Knowledge about the environmental factors that might influence the diversification process can provide an explanation for the high diversity in other Merodon species groups.

Differentiation in the seed protein profiles of two closely related species of Narcissus

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. González-Aguilera ◽  
P.Arriaga Martitegui ◽  
A.M. Fernández-Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Protein Profiles ◽  
Closely Related Species

scholarly journals Sex-specific association patterns in bonobos and chimpanzees reflect species differences in cooperation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 161081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Surbeck ◽  
Cédric Girard-Buttoz ◽  
Christophe Boesch ◽  
Catherine Crockford ◽  
Barbara Fruth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Association Patterns ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Specific Association

In several group-living species, individuals' social preferences are thought to be influenced by cooperation. For some societies with fission–fusion dynamics, sex-specific association patterns reflect sex differences in cooperation in within- and between-group contexts. In our study, we investigated this hypothesis further by comparing sex-specific association patterns in two closely related species, chimpanzees and bonobos, which differ in the level of between-group competition and in the degree to which sex and kinship influence dyadic cooperation. Here, we used long-term party composition data collected on five chimpanzee and two bonobo communities and assessed, for each individual of 10 years and older, the sex of its top associate and of all conspecifics with whom it associated more frequently than expected by chance. We found clear species differences in association patterns. While in all chimpanzee communities males and females associated more with same-sex partners, in bonobos males and females tended to associate preferentially with females, but the female association preference for other females is lower than in chimpanzees. Our results also show that, for bonobos (but not for chimpanzees), association patterns were predominantly driven by mother–offspring relationships. These species differences in association patterns reflect the high levels of male–male cooperation in chimpanzees and of mother–son cooperation in bonobos. Finally, female chimpanzees showed intense association with a few other females, and male chimpanzees showed more uniform association across males. In bonobos, the most differentiated associations were from males towards females. Chimpanzee male association patterns mirror fundamental human male social traits and, as in humans, may have evolved as a response to strong between-group competition. The lack of such a pattern in a closely related species with a lower degree of between-group competition further supports this notion.

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