scholarly journals Sex-specific association patterns in bonobos and chimpanzees reflect species differences in cooperation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 161081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Surbeck ◽  
Cédric Girard-Buttoz ◽  
Christophe Boesch ◽  
Catherine Crockford ◽  
Barbara Fruth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Association Patterns ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Specific Association

In several group-living species, individuals' social preferences are thought to be influenced by cooperation. For some societies with fission–fusion dynamics, sex-specific association patterns reflect sex differences in cooperation in within- and between-group contexts. In our study, we investigated this hypothesis further by comparing sex-specific association patterns in two closely related species, chimpanzees and bonobos, which differ in the level of between-group competition and in the degree to which sex and kinship influence dyadic cooperation. Here, we used long-term party composition data collected on five chimpanzee and two bonobo communities and assessed, for each individual of 10 years and older, the sex of its top associate and of all conspecifics with whom it associated more frequently than expected by chance. We found clear species differences in association patterns. While in all chimpanzee communities males and females associated more with same-sex partners, in bonobos males and females tended to associate preferentially with females, but the female association preference for other females is lower than in chimpanzees. Our results also show that, for bonobos (but not for chimpanzees), association patterns were predominantly driven by mother–offspring relationships. These species differences in association patterns reflect the high levels of male–male cooperation in chimpanzees and of mother–son cooperation in bonobos. Finally, female chimpanzees showed intense association with a few other females, and male chimpanzees showed more uniform association across males. In bonobos, the most differentiated associations were from males towards females. Chimpanzee male association patterns mirror fundamental human male social traits and, as in humans, may have evolved as a response to strong between-group competition. The lack of such a pattern in a closely related species with a lower degree of between-group competition further supports this notion.

A new species of Gomesa (Oncidiinae, Orchidaceae) from inselbergs in Brazilian caatinga: morphological and karyological evidence

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL M. P. CORDEIRO ◽  
FELIPE NOLLET ◽  
MARIA TERESA BURIL ◽  
MARK W. CHASE ◽  
LEONARDO P. FELIX
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Restricted Distribution ◽  
A New Species

We describe a new species of Gomesa (Oncidiinae, Orchidaceae), Gomesa caatingana, with restricted distribution on caatinga inselbergs in Paraíba and Pernambuco States, Brazil. Morphological and karyological characters of the new species were compared with those of Gomesa flexuosa, which is morphologically the most closely related species. Differences in geographical distribution, habit, flower morphology and chromosome number support description of this new species.

scholarly journals Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio):Accounting for Similarities and Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Kraus ◽  
Vivien C. Pellis ◽  
Sergio M. Pellis
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Play Fighting ◽  
Attack And Defense ◽  
Bodily Contact

Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact. It is possible that species differences in how rigidly dominance relationships are maintained are expressed in the play of juveniles by altering the balance between competition and cooperation.

Do Closely Related Species Influence Each Other's Sexual Size Dimorphism?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Boynton
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Group I ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Range Overlap

Size differences between males and females (sexual size dimorphism) are often seen in a variety of species. In birds of prey in particular, a phenomenon occurs where the female is larger than the male. One of the main hypotheses attempting to explain sexual size dimorphism in birds of prey is that the female and male differ in size to partition resources, like prey. There is also evidence that predator and prey body size are correlated, so predators of similar size may be in direct competition. It has been shown that when two closely related species interact in the same area, they are likely to be in competition for similar resources, like prey. This study is looking at sexual size dimorphism and closely related species interactions, which has never been looked at before in birds of prey. I am using the subfamily Buteoninae (Buteo Hawks) as my focal group. I will be using sexual size dimorphism ratios, estimates of genetic distance between closely related species and proportion of range overlap between different closely related lineages within the subfamily. I am expecting to see that if species are closely related and inhabit the same area they will have a decreased sexual size dimorphism. This is because both species are likely to be competing for the same resources, and to avoid competition the species will diverge in body size from one another. This will cause the male and female of each species to converge in size, reducing their sexual size dimorphism.

La lagartija de Bocage, Podarcis bocagei (SEOANE, 1884): Primeros datos sobre su distribución, colorido y ecología

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Perez Mellado
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Quercus Pyrenaica ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Podarcis Bocagei

AbstractP. bocagei is considered a valid species, and several criteria are used for distinguish it in sympatry of P. hispanica, a closely related species. A detailed distribution map is provided for this lizard, which occurs in Galicia, León, Orense, Zamora, western slopes of the Sistema Central, and probably, the north of Portugal. P. hispanica males and females in the Sistema Central are significant larger than males and females of P. bocagei. Significant differences in size, scalation and ecology are apparent between the Sistema Central and northern populations of P. bocagei, but no taxonomic decisions are made, pending a more detailed study. The examination of the masseteric shield revealed its large size in P. bocagei and its absence in most of the P. hispanica studied. P. bocagei has a relatively robust, deep skull, probably related to his terrestriral habits, unlike P. hispanica, which has a flattened skull and, at least in the Sistema Central, is a saxicolous species. P. bocagei is very common in Galicia and is found there at altitudes between 0 and 1500 meters, but in the Sistema Central is restricted to Quercus pyrenaica forests, between 800 and 1200 meters.

scholarly journals A new species of Lepidotrigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Thailand with the description of males of L. flavibasis and L. doipaensis and comments on asymmetrical genitalia in bees

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4442 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
KORRAWAT ATTASOPA ◽  
HANS BÄNZIGER ◽  
TERD DISAYATHANOOWAT ◽  
LAURENCE PACKER
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Male Morphology ◽  
A New Species

We describe Lepidotrigona satun Attasopa and Bänziger new species from southern Thailand based upon associated males and females (workers). The new species is a member of the L. ventralis species group, which is otherwise represented in Thailand only by L. flavibasis and L. doipaensis. We also describe the males of the latter two species, associated with nests from close to their type localities in northern Thailand. Lepidotrigona doipaensis Schwarz and L. flavibasis (Cockerell) had previously often been misidentified as L. ventralis (Smith), a species confirmed only from Borneo. Based upon differences in male morphology, especially of the metasomal sterna, we conclude that the male described from Vietnam by Sakagami (1975) as belonging to L. flavibasis represents an undescribed species. Our findings support previous taxonomic studies that highlight the importance of including males in the differentiation of closely related species of meliponines and their association with workers. The three species whose males we describe have asymmetric penis valves with the asymmetry differentially developed among the three. We compare this genitalic asymmetry with that known from a different apid genus, Tarsalia. 

scholarly journals Synchrotron FTIR as a tool for studying populations and individual living cells of green algae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira L. Goff ◽  
Thomas Ellis ◽  
Kenneth E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Protein Profiles ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Sources Of Variation

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy was used to study individual living cells of three closely-related species of the green algae Chlamydomonas. This study differentiated these three species based on differences in lipid and protein profiles, as well explored sources of variation in our measurements. Significant spectral variation was observed between individual cells within a single culture, as well as between control cultures of a species obtained on different days. Despite this, we were able to differentiate between the three close-related species. Differences in the spectra were confirmed using principal component analysis. Understanding the interplay of underlying variation and the degree of induced spectral differences is essential for the deployment of FTIR measurements in both bulk cultures and for individual living cells.

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