scholarly journals How flexible is tool use in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Amodio ◽  
Markus Boeckle ◽  
Sarah A. Jelbert ◽  
Ljerka Ostoijc ◽  
Nicola S. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Garrulus Glandarius ◽  
Similar Task ◽  
Small Tool

AbstractEurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) do not habitually use tools, yet they can be trained to solve object-dropping tasks, i.e. to insert a tool into an apparatus to release a food reward. Previous research suggests the these jays can learn a preference toward functional tools – objects allowing to obtain a food reward placed inside an apparatus – according to their density (Cheke et al., 2011). However, it is not yet known whether they can also select functional tools (tool selectivity) according to other physical properties such as size and shape, and use different kinds of tools to solve a similar task. Here we conducted three object-dropping experiments aimed at exploring these abilities in Eurasian jays. In Experiment 1, jays tended to select large stones as tools irrespective of the diameter of the apparatus. However, jays progressively developed a preference for the small tool, which was functional with both the wide and the narrow apparatuses. In Experiment 2, only vertically-oriented long stones could fit into the narrow apparatus, whereas both long and round stones were functional with the wide apparatus. Jays showed a preference for the long stone and, with the narrow apparatus, tended to achieve the correct manipulation after one or more unsuccessful attempts. In Experiment 3, jays were able to use sticks and adopt a novel technique on the same object-dropping apparatus, thus providing the first evidence that Eurasian jays can use sticks as tools. Taken together, these results indicate that Eurasian jays may have limited tool selectivity abilities but nonetheless can use different kinds of tools to solve similar tasks.

Parametric Study of Droplet Formation and Characteristics Within Microfluidic Devices — A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 2050077
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Sarah Salehi ◽  
Amir Shamloo ◽  
Siamak Kazemzadeh Hannani
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Viscosity Ratio ◽  
Droplet Formation ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Phase Density ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
The Impact

Droplet-based microfluidics technologies hold great attention in a wide range of applications, including chemical analysis, drug screening, and food industries. This work aimed to describe the effects of different physical properties of the two immiscible phases on droplet formation in a flow-focusing microfluidic device and determining proper flow rates to form a droplet within the desired size range. A numerical model was developed to solve the governing equations of two-phase flow and the results were validated with previous experimental results. The results demonstrate different types of droplet formation regimes from dripping to jetting and different production rates of droplets as a consequence of the impact of each property on fluid flow, including the viscosity ratio, density, interfacial tension, and the flow rate ratio. Based on the results, flow rate, viscosity, and interfacial tension strongly affect the droplet formation regime as well as its size and shape. Droplet diameter increases by increasing the dispersed to continuous phase flow rate as well as the interfacial tension while it decreases by increasing the viscosity ratio and the continuous phase density. Moreover, the formation of satellite droplets was modeled, and the effect of interfacial tension, the viscosity of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase density were found to be important on the conditions that the satellite droplets are suppressed. Since the formation of the satellite droplets induces polydispersity in droplet size, this phenomenon is avoided. Collectively, choosing appropriate aqueous and oil phases with proper physical properties is crucial in forming monodisperse droplets with defined size and shape.

scholarly journals Can hook-bending be let off the hook? Bending/unbending of pliant tools by cockatoos

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1862) ◽  
pp. 20171026 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. B. Laumer ◽  
T. Bugnyar ◽  
S. A. Reber ◽  
A. M. I. Auersperg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Vertical Tube ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Straight Wire ◽  
Horizontal Tubes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Vertical Tubes ◽  
Similar Task ◽  
A Current

The spontaneous crafting of hook-tools from bendable material to lift a basket out of a vertical tube in corvids has widely been used as one of the prime examples of animal tool innovation. However, it was recently suggested that the animals' solution was hardly innovative but strongly influenced by predispositions from habitual tool use and nest building. We tested Goffin's cockatoo, which is neither a specialized tool user nor a nest builder, on a similar task set-up. Three birds individually learned to bend hook tools from straight wire to retrieve food from vertical tubes and four subjects unbent wire to retrieve food from horizontal tubes. Pre-experience with ready-made hooks had some effect but was not necessary for success. Our results indicate that the ability to represent and manufacture tools according to a current need does not require genetically hardwired behavioural routines, but can indeed arise innovatively from domain general cognitive processing.

Enrichment Of Yarn Quality By The Change Of Drafting Zone Of Drawing Machines

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
AKM Mahabubuzzaman ◽  
Md. Osman Ghani Miazi ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Jalil ◽  
Rabindra Chandra Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Yarn Quality ◽  
Drawing Frame ◽  
Jute Yarn

In Drawing frame, different pin settings were used to produce 5lbs/spy jute yarn in apron draft spinning frame. Among the pin settings of 1st draw frame: Draft-4.0, 2nd draw frame: 6.3 and 3rd draw frame: 5.4, Doubling- 2:1, 3:1 and 2:1 respectively achieved the highest quality at modified pin settings for said jute yarn. In this experiment, existing pins of 3rd Drawing frame were replaced by new sets of pins with different density, size and shape and yarns were produced from both systems. Physical properties of produced yarn were tested and found modified pins density shows better quality yarn. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/diujst.v6i1.9329 DIUJST 2011; 6(1): 17-19

scholarly journals Active physical inference via reinforcement learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaiji Li ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Sijia Liu ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Todd Matthew Gureckis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Physical Information ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
Similar Task

When encountering unfamiliar physical objects, children and adults often perform structured interrogatory actions such as grasping and prodding, so revealing latent physical properties such as masses and textures. However, the processes driving and supporting these curious behaviors are still largely mysterious. In this paper, we develop and train an agent able to actively uncover latent physical properties such as the mass and force of objects in a simulated physical "micro-world". Concretely, we used a simulation-based-inference framework to quantify the physical information produced by observation and interaction with the evolving dynamic environment. We used reinforcement learning to train an agent to implement general strategies for revealing latent physical properties. We compare the behaviors of this agent to the human behaviors observed in a similar task.

The Effect of Pigment Particle Size on Some Physical Properties of Rubber Compounds

1936 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-604
Author(s):  
C. E. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Microscopic Set

Abstract The importance of flow in rubber on the reinforcing properties of pigmented systems has been emphasized by Park. He suggests that: (1) in the presence of a finely divided pigment, the flow which occurs when a piece of rubber is stretched takes place in the capillary spaces between the pigment particles; (2) some modification of the laws of liquid flow may govern the behavior of rubber with reference to pigments embedded in it, and (3) the forces causing increased stiffness in pigmented rubber compounds are similar to those causing increased resistance to flow of liquids iii tubes of capillary dimensions. Thus increasing fineness of subdivision and the resulting fineness of capillary spaces between the particles should be accompanied by an increase in reinforcing properties. It would be desirable to study the actual stresses around pigment particles in rubber under strain, but so far no suitable microscopic set-up has beem devised. A few years ago the writer, resorting to analogies, measured the strains and stresses around large particles with the assumption that the strains would be relatively the same with small particles. For this study, holes of the desired size and shape were cut in strips of calendered but uncured rubber and fitted with pieces of an uncured semihard rubber compound. After vulcanization squares were marked on the tensile sheets as shown in Fig. 1.

scholarly journals Determination of Size and Shape in the ‘Moro’ Blood Orange and ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange Cultivar and its Mutants Using Image Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahadir SAYINCI ◽  
Sezai ERCISLI ◽  
Ismail OZTURK ◽  
Zeynep ERYILMAZ ◽  
Bunyamin DEMIR
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Liquid Displacement ◽  
Blood Orange

Fruit size and shape are important physical characteristics in designing relevant equipment, sorting, sizing and packaging systems. Therefore, the properties of size and shape of the sweet orange cultivar, ‘Valencia’, and its three mutants, ‘A70’, ‘A77’, and ‘A88’ were determined by image processing. The blood orange cultivar, ‘Moro’, was also included in this analysis. The volume of each cultivar and mutant was measured by the liquid displacement method. Linear equations with high R2 values were developed in order to estimate the surface area and geometric mean diameter, which were dependent upon the mass and volume of the orange samples. The results of this study showed that the ‘A70’ mutant differed from the other mutants and the ‘Valencia’ cultivar in regard to most physical properties. The ‘A70’ and ‘A88’ mutants and the ‘Valencia’ cultivar had the highest sphericity values, which varied from 96.41% to 97.18%. The lowest shape factor was found in the ‘Valencia’ cultivar, with a mean of 0.73. The elongation of the ‘A88’ mutant and ‘Valencia’ (1.07 each) was smaller than that of the other cultivars. The highest coefficient of variance was observed within the ‘Valencia’ and ‘Moro’ cultivars in most physical properties, suggesting that the ‘Valencia’ mutants produce more homogeneous fruits than the ‘Valencia’ cultivar itself.

Technical Microscopy in the Rubber Industry

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
Industrial Laboratory ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Particle Size And Shape ◽  
Size Of Particles

Abstract For supplying information not obtainable by the usual methods, the microscope is useful and often essential; not only will it disclose details which would otherwise be unseen, but by its unique methods of examination measurements of certain properties of materials can be readily secured which are not otherwise obtainable. When one considers the value of the microscope to the rubber industry specifically, the study of the size of particles is usually the first and frequently the only application which comes to mind, although other uses have been suggested and described. The present paper not only describes the importance of the microscope in determining particle size and shape, but also covers its applications in the solution of other problems which ordinarily are not considered to lie in the field of microscopy. [Chamot describes many interesting applications in different industries which indicate the unusual capabilities of microscopic methods.] In a well-organized industrial laboratory, the microscope is used to supplement and aid other methods for examination of raw materials, control of factory processing, correlation of physical properties with service performance, and solution of factory difficulties. The specific examples cited in this paper represent uses which have originated in connection with the manufacture of rubber goods, but they serve also to illustrate methods applicable to problems of the same type originating in other industries.

Spontaneous tool-use: An observation of a dingo (Canis dingo) using a table to access an out-of-reach food reward

2012 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Philip Smith ◽  
Robert George Appleby ◽  
Carla Anita Litchfield
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Food Reward

HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAS-POSITIVE INCLUSIONS IN THE PURKINJE CELL OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN THE ADULT CAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
Dendritic Branches

A chemical analysis of the PAS-positive inclusions present in the Purkinje cell of the adult cat has been attempted utilizing various accepted histochemical procedures. Two distinct types of inclusions have been identified. The inclusions of the first type are present m the Purkinje cells of all investigated animals and appear as isolated granules distributed more or less at random within the pericaryone and the primary dendritic branches; these granules exhibit the histochemical characteristics of a neutral mucopolysaccharide. The inclusions of the second type are present in the Purkinje cells of only 9 of the 22 investigated animals and appear as granules grouped into clusters of varying size and shape usually located in the upper half portion of the pericaryone and also within the primary dendritic branches; these granules contain not only a mucopolysaccharide but also a lipid and a protein fraction. This mucopolysaccharide–lipid–protein complex exhibits the physical properties and the staining reactions of the lipofuscin pigments.

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