HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAS-POSITIVE INCLUSIONS IN THE PURKINJE CELL OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN THE ADULT CAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
Dendritic Branches

A chemical analysis of the PAS-positive inclusions present in the Purkinje cell of the adult cat has been attempted utilizing various accepted histochemical procedures. Two distinct types of inclusions have been identified. The inclusions of the first type are present m the Purkinje cells of all investigated animals and appear as isolated granules distributed more or less at random within the pericaryone and the primary dendritic branches; these granules exhibit the histochemical characteristics of a neutral mucopolysaccharide. The inclusions of the second type are present in the Purkinje cells of only 9 of the 22 investigated animals and appear as granules grouped into clusters of varying size and shape usually located in the upper half portion of the pericaryone and also within the primary dendritic branches; these granules contain not only a mucopolysaccharide but also a lipid and a protein fraction. This mucopolysaccharide–lipid–protein complex exhibits the physical properties and the staining reactions of the lipofuscin pigments.

EVIDENCE FOR THE LYSOSOMAL NATURE OF THE PAS-POSITIVE GRANULES IN THE PURKINJE CELL OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN THE ADULT CAT

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Transparent Zone ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
Dendritic Branches

In the adult cat, the Purkinje cell of the cerebellar cortex contains PAS-positive granules distributed more or less at random within the pericaryone and the primary dendritic branches. In the present study, evidence has been obtained indicating that such granules exhibit enzymatic activities characteristic of the cytoplasmic organelles known as lysosomes. Frozen sections of the cerebellar cortex, fixed in chilled formol–calcium and stained according to histochemical procedures for the detection of acid hydrolases, indeed reveal that the granules in question possess high levels of acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and arylsulphatase activities. Further support for our conclusion comes from electron microscope observations of osmium-fixed material which show that the PAS-positive granules are solid organelles possessing ultrastructural features characteristic of the lysosomes in general. These features include a single, usually complete, limiting membrane; a 70 to 100 Å wide electron-transparent zone separating the limiting membrane from the organelle matrix proper; a matrix consisting of a fine, rather homogeneous, grainy material of moderate electron opacity which often contains ill-defined masses or clumps made up of a more electron-dispersing substance.

scholarly journals Purkinje Cell Collaterals Enable Output Signals from the Cerebellar Cortex to Feed Back to Purkinje Cells and Interneurons

Neuron ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurens Witter ◽  
Stephanie Rudolph ◽  
R. Todd Pressler ◽  
Safiya I. Lahlaf ◽  
Wade G. Regehr
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex

scholarly journals Purkinje Cells in the Adult Cat Cerebellar Cortex Possess a Perineuronal Net of Proteoglycans.

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru MABUCHI ◽  
Shinichiro MURAKAMI ◽  
Takehito TAGUCHI ◽  
Aiji OHTSUKA ◽  
Takuro MURAKAMI
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Perineuronal Net ◽  
Adult Cat

scholarly journals Cerebellar nuclei excitatory neurons regulate developmental scaling of presynaptic Purkinje cell number and organ growth

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan T Willett ◽  
N Sumru Bayin ◽  
Andrew S Lee ◽  
Anjana Krishnamurthy ◽  
Alexandre Wojcinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Scaling Down

For neural systems to function effectively, the numbers of each cell type must be proportioned properly during development. We found that conditional knockout of the mouse homeobox genes En1 and En2 in the excitatory cerebellar nuclei neurons (eCN) leads to reduced postnatal growth of the cerebellar cortex. A subset of medial and intermediate eCN are lost in the mutants, with an associated cell non-autonomous loss of their presynaptic partner Purkinje cells by birth leading to proportional scaling down of neuron production in the postnatal cerebellar cortex. Genetic killing of embryonic eCN throughout the cerebellum also leads to loss of Purkinje cells and reduced postnatal growth but throughout the cerebellar cortex. Thus, the eCN play a key role in scaling the size of the cerebellum by influencing the survival of their Purkinje cell partners, which in turn regulate production of granule cells and interneurons via the amount of sonic hedgehog secreted.

Cerebellar cortex

2020 ◽  
pp. 497-504
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Feedforward Control ◽  
Synaptic Depression ◽  
Climbing Fibre ◽  
Regular Sampling

The cerebellar cortex appears to be involved in predictive feedforward control to generate smooth movements. There is a beautiful network architecture which suggests that the granule cells perform expansion recoding of the inputs; that these connect to the Purkinje cells via an architecture that ensures regular sampling; and that each Purkinje cell has a single teacher, the climbing fibre, which produces associative long-term synaptic depression as part of perceptron-like learning.

Serotonergic modulation of evoked responses in turtle cerebellar Purkinje cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 3102-3113 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lu ◽  
L. J. Larson-Prior
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Response Amplitude ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Bath Application ◽  
Cerebellar Peduncle

1. Immunocytochemical studies of the turtle brain revealed the presence of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) processes in the granule and Purkinje cell layers, but not in the molecular layer (ML), of the cerebellar cortex. Immunoreactive axonal profiles were present throughout the granule cell layer (GCL) where they generally coursed in an anteroposterior direction and could frequently be seen to ascend toward the Purkinje cell layer (PCL). Occasional 5-HT-ir processes were observed adjacent to Purkinje cell somata. 2. The effects of exogenously applied serotonin on mossy fiber and parallel fiber evoked responses in turtle Purkinje cells were examined by use of intrasomatic and intradendritic recordings in an intact cerebellar preparation in vitro. 3. Bath application of serotonin (0.2–1.0 microM) produced a dose-dependent reduction in Purkinje cell membrane resistance, which was not correlated with changes in postsynaptic response amplitude. At 5-HT concentrations > 1.0 microM (0.01–5 mM), resistance values returned to control levels. No consistent changes in spike width or postspike afterhyperpolarization were seen in response to serotonin application, nor were endogenous pacemaker-like discharges affected. Firing rate, assessed as threshold response to depolarizing current injection (0.3–1.0 nA, 1 s duration), was increased in 51% and decreased in 40% of cells tested. 4. Single stimuli delivered to either the cerebellar peduncle or the GCL resulted in the activation of fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP). These responses were dose dependently reduced in amplitude by bath application of serotonin (0.2–1.0 microM). At concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 microM, the response amplitude following agonist application plateaued at approximately 70% of control value. With higher dose applications (0.5-5 mM) of serotonin, the response amplitude exhibited a steep reduction (from 65-10% of control value). 5. Brief trains of stimuli (5 stimuli, 50 Hz) delivered to either the cerebellar peduncle or the GCL resulted in the activation of slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (sEPSP). The peak amplitude of this response was unaffected by bath application of serotonin at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 100 microM. At higher concentrations (0.5–5 mM), the sEPSP peak amplitude was dose-dependently reduced, with the largest amplitude reduction seen after peduncular stimulation. 6. It is suggested that serotonin acts as a modulator of fast excitatory synaptic activity in the cerebellar cortex, while exerting little affect on slow excitatory events. The fact that serotonin preferentially affects fast excitatory transmission may have important implications for the integration of incoming sensory signals at both the granule and Purkinje cell level.

Dynamic Synchronization of Purkinje Cell Simple Spikes

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 3485-3491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soon-Lim Shin ◽  
Erik De Schutter
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Sharp Peak ◽  
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

Purkinje cells (PCs) integrate all computations performed in the cerebellar cortex to inhibit neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Simple spikes recorded in vivo from pairs of PCs separated by <100 μm are known to be synchronized with a sharp peak riding on a broad peak, but the significance of this finding is unclear. We show that the sharp peak consists exclusively of simple spikes associated with pauses in firing. The broader, less precise peak was caused by firing-rate co-modulation of faster firing spikes. About 13% of all pauses were synchronized, and these pauses had a median duration of 20 ms. As in vitro studies have reported that synchronous pauses can reliably trigger spikes in DCN neurons, we suggest that the subgroup of spikes causing the sharp peak is important for precise temporal coding in the cerebellum.

scholarly journals Differential Purkinje cell simple spike activity and pausing behavior related to cerebellar modules

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2524-2536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Zhou ◽  
Kai Voges ◽  
Zhanmin Lin ◽  
Chiheng Ju ◽  
Martijn Schonewille
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Transverse Zone ◽  
Cerebellar Modules ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

The massive computational capacity of the cerebellar cortex is conveyed by Purkinje cells onto cerebellar and vestibular nuclei neurons through their GABAergic, inhibitory output. This implies that pauses in Purkinje cell simple spike activity are potentially instrumental in cerebellar information processing, but their occurrence and extent are still heavily debated. The cerebellar cortex, although often treated as such, is not homogeneous. Cerebellar modules with distinct anatomical connectivity and gene expression have been described, and Purkinje cells in these modules also differ in firing rate of simple and complex spikes. In this study we systematically correlate, in awake mice, the pausing in simple spike activity of Purkinje cells recorded throughout the entire cerebellum, with their location in terms of lobule, transverse zone, and zebrin-identified cerebellar module. A subset of Purkinje cells displayed long (>500-ms) pauses, but we found that their occurrence correlated with tissue damage and lower temperature. In contrast to long pauses, short pauses (<500 ms) and the shape of the interspike interval (ISI) distributions can differ between Purkinje cells of different lobules and cerebellar modules. In fact, the ISI distributions can differ both between and within populations of Purkinje cells with the same zebrin identity, and these differences are at least in part caused by differential synaptic inputs. Our results suggest that long pauses are rare but that there are differences related to shorter intersimple spike intervals between and within specific subsets of Purkinje cells, indicating a potential further segregation in the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells.

scholarly journals Lafora Bodies Associated with Neurologic Signs in a Cat

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Hall ◽  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
L. Lassiter
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Lafora Bodies ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Incidental Lesions

Lafora bodies (polyglucosan deposits) were identified in the brain of a young adult cat with neurologic signs characterized by intermittent but progressively worsening head and body tremors. The cerebellar cortex was the most severely affected area of brain, and the deposits were identified within Purkinje cell bodies and processes and throughout the neuropil. The association of Lafora bodies with neurologic signs, occurrence of deposits within neuronal perikarya, and distribution primarily within the cerebellar cortex are features distinct from the more commonly recognized situation in which Lafora bodies occur as incidental lesions in cats.

EMG analysis of harmaline-induced tremor in normal and three strains of mutant mice with Purkinje cell degeneration and the role of the inferior olive

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 2568-2577 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Milner ◽  
G. Cadoret ◽  
L. Lessard ◽  
A. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Purkinje Cell Degeneration ◽  
Cerebellar Mutant ◽  
Normal Wild Type

1. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg harmaline were tested in normal mice and three strains of cerebellar mutant mice with Purkinje cell degeneration. Ten normal (wild-type) mice (+/+), as well as five lurcher (lc/+), six nervous (nr/nr), and eight Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd/pcd) mutants were implanted with chronic electromyogram (EMG) electrodes in the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups of the right hindlimb. 2. EMGs were recorded in each of the mice during spontaneous activity before and after intraperitoneal injections of 0.3 ml harmaline (10 mg/kg). Spectral analysis was used to quantify the amplitude and frequency of tremor found in the EMGs after harmaline administration. Normal mice responded to harmaline with strong, continuous 11- to 14-Hz tremor. Mutants from the pcd/pcd strain also reacted with continuous tremor, but of lower amplitude and frequency. In contrast, nr/nr mutants exhibited intermittent paroxysmal tremor lasting for only a few seconds, and lc/+ mutants showed no evidence of tremor whatsoever. 3. In order to detect covert tremor that was possibly not revealed by focal intramuscular EMG recordings, several mutant and normal mice were also tested on a suspended platform to which an accelerometer was attached. The results confirmed the findings from EMG recordings. 4. An incidental observation made during the course of this study was that harmaline tremor disappeared from the normal mouse during swimming and reappeared when the animal was withdrawn from the water. 5. Although Purkinje cells appeared to increase both the depth of modulation and the frequency of tremor, the inhibitory action of the cerebellar cortex does not seem to be essential for the generation of tremor. 6. Parasagittal cerebellar sections of the normal, wild-type mice and the three strains of cerebellar mutant mice of various ages were stained with cresyl violet and examined for Purkinje cell degeneration. Purkinje cell degeneration was found to be complete in the pcd/pcd and lc/+ strains. Although an initial examination of parasagittal sections of the nr/nr strain failed to find any surviving Purkinje cells, further examination of sections cut in the coronal plane revealed small clusters of Purkinje cells in the vermal area of the posterior lobe. 7. The retrograde transport of wheat-germ-agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) pressure-injected into the cerebellar cortex was used to study the olivocerebellar projections in the wild-type mice and the three strains of cerebellar mutant mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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