scholarly journals Predator avoidance and immune defence: costs and trade–offs in snails

2000 ◽  
Vol 267 (1439) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C Rigby ◽  
Jukka Jokela
Keyword(s):  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Maternal effects, flight versus fecundity trade-offs, and offspring immune defence in the Speckled Wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Gibbs ◽  
Casper J. Breuker ◽  
Helen Hesketh ◽  
Rosemary S. Hails ◽  
Hans Van Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Pararge Aegeria ◽  
Trade Offs

Conflicting Demands in Sand Gobies: Predators Influence Reproductive Behaviour

Behaviour ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 126 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carin Magnhagen ◽  
Elisabet Forsgren
Keyword(s):  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Pomatoschistus Minutus ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Conflicting Demands ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Spawning Behaviour ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Courtship Activity

AbstractThe effects of predation risk on the reproductive behaviour of male and female sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus, were investigated in two separate aquarium studies. In the presence of a predator (cod, Gadus morhua), males decreased their courtship activity while females did not alter their level of activity. In the second study, there was no difference between treatments (with and without predator) in the time from when a female was presented to a male with a nest until spawning took place or in the amount of eggs laid. However, pre-spawning behaviour differed between the two treatments. When the cod was in sight, both males and females burrowed in the sand more often. In the absence of a predator, pairs spent longer together in the nest before spawning started, and females also inspected the nest alone, which never happened during predator presence. Hence, both sexes make trade-offs between predator avoidance and behaviours associated with mating. Females, however, seem to take higher risks during the courtship phase in order to find a partner compared to males.

scholarly journals Compensatory foraging in Trinidadian guppies: Effects of acute and chronic predation threats

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris K. Elvidge ◽  
Indar Ramnarine ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Graded Responses ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Behavioral Mechanism ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Threat Levels

Abstract In response to acute predation threats, prey may sacrifice foraging opportunities in favour of increased predator avoidance. Under conditions of high or frequent predation risk, such trade-offs may lead to reduced fitness. Here, we test the prediction that prey reduce the costs associated with lost opportunities following acute predation threats by exhibiting short-term compensatory foraging responses. Under semi-natural conditions, we exposed female guppies Poecilia reticulate from high and low predation risk sites to one of three levels of acute predation threat (high, intermediate or low concentrations of conspecific alarm cues). Our results confirm previous reports, demonstrating that guppies from a high predation site were consistently ‘bolder’ (shorter escape latencies) and exhibited graded threat-sensitive responses to different simulated threat levels while those from the low predation site were ‘shyer’ and exhibited non-graded responses. Most importantly, we found that when guppies from low predation sites resumed foraging, they did so at rates significantly lower than baseline rates. However, guppies from high predation sites resumed foraging either at rates equal to baseline (in response to low or intermediate risk stimuli) or significantly increased relative to baseline rates (in response to high risk stimuli). Together, these results highlight a complex compensatory behavioral mechanism that may allow prey to reduce the long-term costs associated with predator avoidance.

Do stream mayflies exhibit trade-offs between food acquisition and predator avoidance behaviors?

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Hernandez ◽  
Barbara L. Peckarsky
Keyword(s):  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Food Acquisition ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Trade Offs

Health impact of phytohaemagglutinin-induced immune challenge on great tit (Parus major) nestlings

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peeter Hõrak ◽  
Indrek Ots ◽  
Lea Tegelmann ◽  
Anders Pape Møller
Keyword(s):  
Parus Major ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Immune Challenge ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Cutaneous Response ◽  
Physiological Impact ◽  
Total Resource

Assuming that immune function is resource-limited, it can be expected to compete with other important functions of an organism for the total resource pool, giving rise to trade-offs in resource allocation. To test whether such a trade-off exists between immune defence and growth, the physiological impact of an immune challenge was examined in great tit (Parus major) nestlings, using phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) as a novel antigen. Nestlings injected intradermally with PHA in wing webs at 8 days of age produced a heterophilic response, while their growth was not suppressed in comparison with untreated control siblings. Nestlings that grew poorly produced a weaker cutaneous response to PHA inoculation than well-growing nestlings. These two results suggest that the response to PHA (a measure of the intensity of T-lymphocyte mediated immune responsiveness) is resource demanding, but these resources are not reallocated from those used for growth. This finding can be reconciled with current hypotheses, which propose that the currency in trade-offs between immune response and other demands on the organism is not necessarily energy or macronutrients but may instead be based on immunopathology, carotenoids, or production of free radicals.

scholarly journals The evolution of juvenile susceptibility to infectious disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1881) ◽  
pp. 20180844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Ashby ◽  
Emily Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range

Infection prior to reproduction usually carries greater fitness costs for hosts than infection later in life, suggesting selection should tend to favour juvenile resistance. Yet, juveniles are generally more susceptible than adults across a wide spectrum of host taxa. While physiological constraints and a lack of prior exposure can explain some of this pattern, studies in plants and insects suggest that hosts may trade off juvenile susceptibility against other life-history traits. However, it is unclear precisely how trade-offs shape the evolution of juvenile susceptibility. Here, we theoretically explore the evolution of juvenile susceptibility subject to trade-offs with maturation or reproduction, which could realistically occur due to resource allocation during development (e.g. prioritizing growth over immune defence). We show how host lifespan, the probability of maturation (i.e. of reaching the adult stage) and transmission mode affect the results. Our key finding is that elevated juvenile susceptibility is expected to evolve over a wide range of conditions, but should be lowest when hosts have moderate lifespans and an intermediate probability of reaching the adult stage. Our results elucidate how interactions between trade-offs and the epidemiological-demographic structure of the population can lead to the evolution of elevated juvenile susceptibility.

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