scholarly journals Mothers determine offspring size in response to own juvenile growth conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Taborsky
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Offspring Quality ◽  
Better Than

Through non-genetic maternal effects, mothers can tailor offspring phenotype to the environment in which young will grow up. If juvenile and adult ecologies differ, the conditions mothers experienced as juveniles may better predict their offspring's environment than the adult environment of mothers. In this case maternal decisions about investment in offspring quality should already be determined during the juvenile phase of mothers. I tested this hypothesis by manipulating juvenile and adult maternal environments independently in a cichlid fish. Females raised in a poor environment produced larger young than females raised without food limitations, irrespective of the feeding conditions experienced during adulthood. This maternal boost was due to a higher investment in eggs and to faster larval growth. Apparently, mothers prepare their offspring for similar environmental conditions to those they encountered as juveniles. This explanation is supported by the distribution of these fishes under natural conditions. Juveniles live in a different and much narrower range of habitats than adults. Therefore, the habitat mothers experienced as juveniles will allow them to predict their offspring's environment better than the conditions in the adult home range.

scholarly journals The influence of juvenile and adult environments on life-history trajectories

2005 ◽  
Vol 273 (1587) ◽  
pp. 741-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Taborsky
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Adult Growth ◽  
Trade Offs

There is increasing evidence that the environment experienced early in life can strongly influence adult life histories. It is largely unknown, however, how past and present conditions influence suites of life-history traits regarding major life-history trade-offs. Especially in animals with indeterminate growth, we may expect that environmental conditions of juveniles and adults independently or interactively influence the life-history trade-off between growth and reproduction after maturation. Juvenile growth conditions may initiate a feedback loop determining adult allocation patterns, triggered by size-dependent mortality risk. I tested this possibility in a long-term growth experiment with mouthbrooding cichlids. Females were raised either on a high-food or low-food diet. After maturation half of them were switched to the opposite treatment, while the other half remained unchanged. Adult growth was determined by current resource availability, but key reproductive traits like reproductive rate and offspring size were only influenced by juvenile growth conditions, irrespective of the ration received as adults. Moreover, the allocation of resources to growth versus reproduction and to offspring number versus size were shaped by juvenile rather than adult ecology. These results indicate that early individual history must be considered when analysing causes of life-history variation in natural populations.

scholarly journals Seasonal variability of maternal effects in European hake Merluccius merluccius

2020 ◽  
Vol 650 ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
C García-Fernández ◽  
R Domínguez-Petit ◽  
N Aldanondo ◽  
F Saborido-Rey
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Oocyte Diameter ◽  
Merluccius Merluccius ◽  
Larval Recruitment ◽  
European Hake

Maternal attributes may influence the quantity and quality of offspring and hence, their survival. We evaluated the seasonal variability in maternal effects on developing oocytes and larvae of European hake Merluccius merluccius from the southern stock. Females were collected in 10 different years between 1999 and 2017 in the 3 spawning seasons identified in NW Spain (winter-spring, summer and autumn). Five indices of reproductive trait characteristics (batch fecundity [BF], relative fecundity [RBF], oocyte dry weight [ODW], oocyte diameter [OD] and oocyte lipid droplet diameter [ODD]) and 4 indices of maternal effects (total length [TL], gutted weight, hepatosomatic index [HSI] and Fulton’s K) were analysed. Additionally, larvae were sampled in 2017 during winter-spring and summer spawning peaks to study seasonal variability in their growth and allometry. The results revealed maternal effects on offspring attributes (for both oocytes and larvae) that differed among seasons in terms of productivity and oocyte quality; more and likely better-quality oocytes were produced in the winter-spring. BF, ODW and OD were influenced mostly by female size, ODD was related to HSI, and RBF was not influenced by any maternal attribute. The larval growth rate was similar, although summer larvae had more developed anterior body parts than winter-spring larvae. The temporal differences could be due to differences in maternal attributes and/or environmental conditions; these differences might impact larval survival and hence annual stock recruitment. A multi-year analysis of interactions between environmental conditions and maternal effects is required to understand the complex process of larval recruitment.

The missing links: larval and post-larval development of the ascoglossan opisthobranch Elysia viridis

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia D. Trowbridge
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shell Length ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Codium Fragile ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae ◽  
Algal Diet ◽  
Better Than

The stenophagous ascoglossan (=sacoglossan) opisthobranch Elysia viridis has long been a model organism for the study of endosymbiosis or kleptoplasty as well as one of the few herbivores to consume the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile on European shores. Larval and post-larval dynamics of the ascoglossan were investigated. Planktotrophic larvae of E. viridis grew at 5–10 μm d−1 (shell length) at 15°C on a unicellular algal diet (the cryptophyte Rhodomonas baltica); larvae became competent one month post-hatching. Effective feeding and chloroplast acquisition typically started within 2–3 d of metamorphosis. Slugs grew about 8 mm in the first month of post-larval life. During this period, juveniles held in the light did not grow faster or survive better than conspecifics held in the dark; thus, functional kleptoplasty did not occur during first three weeks of benthic life. While larval growth rates and the nature of metamorphic cues are consistent with those of many other opisthobranch species with planktotrophic larvae, measures of post-larval growth—particularly as it pertains to kleptoplasty—is a new contribution to opisthobranch biology.

scholarly journals ‘A sense of purpose’: Older prisoners’ experiences of successful ageing behind bars

2021 ◽  
pp. 147737082199514
Author(s):  
Hila Avieli
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Successful Ageing ◽  
Older Prisoners ◽  
Unified Process ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
Better Than

There is growing interest in ageing offenders and their lives in prison. However, this subject is often studied from a deprivation perspective, focusing on issues such as lack of medical care and proper environmental conditions. This article highlights experiences of wellbeing while ageing in confinement, using the conceptual framework of successful ageing. An interpretive phenomenological analysis perspective was used to analyse the narratives of 18 older prisoners. The narratives revealed four themes: ‘Like all other older men’: comparing ageing in prison with ageing within the community; ‘Better than what I have outside’: prison as an escape from a life of loneliness, poverty and delinquency; ‘Here I get some respect’: the older prisoner as a mentor; and ‘I feel accomplished’: experiences of growth and self-discovery as a means for successful ageing in prison. The findings suggest that ageing in prison may not be perceived as a single, unified process, but as a personal and individual phenomenon, and that old age may facilitate positive changes in the lives of ageing offenders in prison.

scholarly journals Toward organism identification through analysis of bacterial colonies.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 702-706
Author(s):  
M D Graham
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Surface Scattering ◽  
Bacterial Identification ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Boundary Characteristics ◽  
Organism Identification ◽  
Reflectance Data ◽  
Better Than

The clinical problem of bacterial identification has been approached by applying pattern-recognition techniques to multi-wavelength surface-scattering and reflectance data derived from real-time scans of isolated colonies. Preliminary results, obtained from blood-agar plates inoculated with a mixture of staphylococci, streptococci and escherichieae, indicate that these organisms can be differentiated with better than 90% certainty, provided the colonies are physically separated and their growth conditions closely controlled. Data collection and classification characteristics of the experimental system are briefly described; it is felt that the technique, possibly expanded to include boundary characteristics of the colonies, may offer a viable means of identifying clinically important bacteria.

scholarly journals Abiotic Stresses Shift Belowground Populus-Associated Bacteria Toward a Core Stress Microbiome

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin M. Timm ◽  
Kelsey R. Carter ◽  
Alyssa A. Carrell ◽  
Se-Ran Jun ◽  
Sara S. Jawdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Poplar Trees

The identification of a common “stress microbiome” indicates tightly controlled relationships between the plant host and bacterial associates and a conserved structure in bacterial communities associated with poplar trees under different growth conditions. The ability of the microbiome to buffer the plant from extreme environmental conditions coupled with the conserved stress microbiome observed in this study suggests an opportunity for future efforts aimed at predictably modulating the microbiome to optimize plant growth.

Environmental Conditions in TT 209, Luxor. The Case of a Theban Tomb Subject to Periodic Flooding

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Molinero Polo ◽  
Vicente Soler Javaloyes
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Collection Temperature ◽  
Periodic Flooding

TT 209 was built in a wadi, a location that means it has been affected by flash floods since ancient times. The team in charge of its study and conservation has initiated a systematic programme of environmental data collection (temperature and relative humidity) in order to understand the natural conditions of the tomb and any transformations caused by archaeological work in its underground chambers, as well as to inform future conservation. These statistics can also be useful for excavation and conservation programmes in nearby tombs whose architectonic structure is similar and have also suffered from exposure to water damage.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Egg Deposition of the European Mantis

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Joanna Kajzer-Bonk
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Predatory Insect ◽  
Egg Case ◽  
Potential Tool

In this paper, we studied the egg-case (oothecae) deposition of the European mantis, Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus 1758), a predatory insect. We hypothesized that the height of ootheca deposition on a plant reflects the insolation requirements of the species, and would increase when plant cover is denser. We found that the taller the plants nearby, the greater the height of egg deposition. Oothecae were also oviposited higher in denser vegetation. The observed behavior may ensure the proper insolation of developing offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an egg laying strategy of this species under natural conditions. This finding allows for a better understanding of habitat selection and the overall ecology of the European mantis. It may be also useful in identifying the mechanisms of the range extension of this species and is a potential tool to effectively conserve xerothermic ootheca-laying animals. Further studies are required to assess the flexibility of this behavior under different environmental conditions.

Deposition of epitaxial transition metal carbide films and superlattices by simultaneous direct current metal magnetron sputtering and C60 evaporation

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Högberg ◽  
J. Birch ◽  
M. P. Johansson ◽  
L. Hultman ◽  
U. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Transition Metal Carbide ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Metal Carbide ◽  
General Observation ◽  
Better Than

Thin epitaxial TiC and VC films and superlattices have been deposited on MgO(001) by simultaneous sputtering of the metals and evaporation of C60. It was found that epitaxial growth conditions for TiC could be maintained down to a temperature of 100 °C, while the epitaxial growth of VC required 200 °C. Epitaxial VC films were completely relaxed at all growth temperatures, while a change from a relaxed to a strained growth behavior was observed for TiC films. The structural quality of the TiC films was better than for the VC films. A general observation was that a plasma-assisted deposition process yields films with a higher quality and allows epitaxial growth at lower temperatures than for a pure coevaporation process.

Effect of manipulation of milk composition and curd-forming conditions on the formation, structure and properties of milk curd

1987 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Protein Network ◽  
Protein Networks ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Cationic Materials ◽  
Concentrated Milk ◽  
Ca Depletion ◽  
Better Than

SummaryMilks whose compositions had been altered by deliberate manipulation or by contact with various environmental conditions relevant to cheesemaking were treated with rennet in such a way as normally to give a constant coagulation time. Rates of curd formation and whey loss, curd structure and fat retention were determined. Ca depletion in concentrated milks reduced firming and syneresis rates and gave curds with finer protein networks. Increased temperature of curd formation increased the curd-firming rate and curd coarseness, but decreased the syneresis rate at 30 °C. Prior treatment of concentrated milk with rennet in the cold gave a much finer protein network which retained fat better than curd formed normally. Despite increasing firming and syneresis rates, acidified milk gave a slightly finer curd with a better fat retention than normal. Addition of cationic materials stimulated aggregation and the curd retained fat better than normal, although the curd structure was unaffected. The results indicate that the processes of firming and syneresis have related mechanisms, and that the curd structure is not simply dependent on curd-forming conditions, but on the number of aggregating particles and the forces between them.

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