Balancing Barriers to Entry and Administrative Burden in Voluntary Regulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P Carter ◽  
Tyler A Scott ◽  
Nadia Mahallati
Keyword(s):  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Private Governance ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Administrative Burden ◽  
Voluntary Regulation ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
Voluntary Program

Abstract Voluntary programs have become a recognized instrument for achieving public and private governance goals. As a governance instrument, these programs face a design challenge: to generate societal benefits, a voluntary program must establish stringent standards that support the program’s environmental or social goals, and at the same time program costs that may deter program participation. We argue that the theoretical framework of administrative burden provides a means to consider how voluntary programs may set and adjust entry barriers to motivate participation while maintaining credibility. The framework’s applicability is illustrated through an examination of National Organic Program initiatives to reduce the administrative burden faced by agricultural producers seeking organic certification. Through a discussion drawing on the case, we identify three questions and a series of theoretical expectations for research contributing to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of voluntary program administrative burden.

Women’s Participation in the Public Domain Under Human Rights Law: Towards a Participatory Equality Paradigm Shift

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Rubio-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Private Governance ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Full Diversity ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Participation Of Women

This chapter explores how human rights law has contributed to the shift towards participatory gender equality by legitimating the adoption of quotas and parity mechanisms to ensure women’s equal participation in decision-making. Since the adoption of CEDAW, human rights law has moved away from formal equality notions that simply affirm women’s equal political rights. Instead, we see growing endorsement of substantive equality doctrines that validate the adoption of gender quotas, initially as temporary special measures to ensure women equal opportunities, and, more recently, as permanent measures targeting the gender-balanced composition of an ever-expanding range of public and private governance bodies. The chapter explores how human rights law connects this participatory turn to issues of pluralism, calling attention to the need for public bodies to represent the full diversity of the population, and calling on state parties to increase the participation of women from ethnic minorities, indigenous groups, and religious minorities.

Effectiveness of Three Training Delivery Methods in a Voluntary Program

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (26) ◽  
pp. 1959-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Salehi ◽  
Lesley Strawderman ◽  
Yunchen Huang ◽  
Shaheen Ahmed ◽  
Kari Babski-Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Volunteer Training ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Voluntary Program ◽  
Training Delivery

Different training delivery methods each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Method effectiveness is based on the characteristics of the trainees and the program itself. Voluntary programs require extra consideration as there is no direct obligation for volunteers to participate and interact with the system. This paper studies and compares three methods (online, video, and face-to-face) for delivering training in a voluntary program. Demographic characteristics affected trainees' preference for training delivery method. Also, the training delivery method significantly impacts trainees' performance, participation in the program, and trainees' perceptions regarding re-training. These issues should be considered when a volunteer training program is designed.

Governance by and of Algorithms on the Internet: Impact and Consequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Latzer ◽  
Natascha Just
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Life Domains ◽  
Private Governance ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Impact

Internet-based services that build on automated algorithmic selection processes, for example search engines, computational advertising, and recommender systems, are booming and platform companies that provide such services are among the most valuable corporations worldwide. Algorithms on and beyond the Internet are increasingly influencing, aiding, or replacing human decision-making in many life domains. Their far-reaching, multifaceted economic and social impact, which results from the governance by algorithms, is widely acknowledged. However, suitable policy reactions, that is, the governance of algorithms, are the subject of controversy in academia, politics, industry, and civil society. This governance by and of algorithms is to be understood in the wider context of current technical and societal change, and in connection with other emerging trends. In particular, expanding algorithmizing of life domains is closely interrelated with and dependent on growing datafication and big data on the one hand, and rising automation and artificial intelligence in modern, digitized societies on the other. Consequently, the assessments and debates of these central developmental trends in digitized societies overlap extensively. Research on the governance by and of algorithms is highly interdisciplinary. Communication studies contributes to the formation of so-called “critical algorithms studies” with its wide set of sub-fields and approaches and by applying qualitative and quantitative methods. Its contributions focus both on the impact of algorithmic systems on traditional media, journalism, and the public sphere, and also cover effect analyses and risk assessments of algorithmic-selection applications in many domains of everyday life. The latter includes the whole range of public and private governance options to counter or reduce these risks or to safeguard ethical standards and human rights, including communication rights in a digital age.

Conflicts of Interest in Sport: A Comparative Analysis of International and European Remedies

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-224
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Marco
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Social Function ◽  
International Level ◽  
Private Governance ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pyramid Structure ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
The Individual

This research studies the management of conflicts of interest in sporting context, trough a comparative analysis of the current wave of reforms at national and international level. It suggests that the notion of conflict of interests in sport is wholly specific and it requires particular remedies, illustrating potential convergences with the public and private governance practices. Firstly, the paper identifies the endemic conflicts of interest due to the specific pyramid structure of sports movement, and the individual conflicts of interest that could occur in sporting organisations. Secondly, it detects the solution foreseen by the European authorities and the recent reforms concerning the sporting organizations adopted at national and international level. The study shows the elements that characterize conflicts of interest in sporting context, identifying convergences, limits, and the specific solutions suggested by the ethical and social function of sport.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Table Egg Layer Farming Environments in Western Australia and Insights into Biosecurity and Egg Handling Practices

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Sodagari ◽  
Ihab Habib ◽  
Scott Whiddon ◽  
Penghao Wang ◽  
Arkan Baraa Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
N 93 ◽  
Voluntary Program

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial layer farming environments of 26 flocks belonging to seven egg businesses (free-range and barn-laid) in Western Australia (WA). Between November 2017 and June 2018, a total of 265 environmental samples of dust, feed, water, pooled feces, and boot swabs were tested for detection of Salmonella according to standard culture-based methods. Isolates were assayed for serovar and subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella spp. were recovered from 35% (93/265) of all tested samples. Dust (53.8%, 28/52) and pooled fecal (54.5%, 18/33) samples provided the highest Salmonella recovery rates. Nine different Salmonella serovars were characterized across the positive (n = 93) environmental samples, of which S. Typhimurium (60/93, 64.5%) and S. Infantis (21/93, 22.5%) were the most prevalent. MLST revealed that all S. Typhimurium isolates were of sequence type ST-19. Microbiological screening of Salmonella was not routinely practiced in any of the surveyed egg businesses. Some of the egg businesses exhibited variable levels of compliance with basic biosecurity measures as well as high-risk egg handling practices. Egg businesses in WA should be encouraged to adopt a voluntary program of environmental sampling and verification testing for Salmonella. Such voluntary programs will aid in supporting solutions for the management of this pathogen in the human food chain.

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