scholarly journals Occurrence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Table Egg Layer Farming Environments in Western Australia and Insights into Biosecurity and Egg Handling Practices

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Sodagari ◽  
Ihab Habib ◽  
Scott Whiddon ◽  
Penghao Wang ◽  
Arkan Baraa Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
N 93 ◽  
Voluntary Program

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial layer farming environments of 26 flocks belonging to seven egg businesses (free-range and barn-laid) in Western Australia (WA). Between November 2017 and June 2018, a total of 265 environmental samples of dust, feed, water, pooled feces, and boot swabs were tested for detection of Salmonella according to standard culture-based methods. Isolates were assayed for serovar and subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella spp. were recovered from 35% (93/265) of all tested samples. Dust (53.8%, 28/52) and pooled fecal (54.5%, 18/33) samples provided the highest Salmonella recovery rates. Nine different Salmonella serovars were characterized across the positive (n = 93) environmental samples, of which S. Typhimurium (60/93, 64.5%) and S. Infantis (21/93, 22.5%) were the most prevalent. MLST revealed that all S. Typhimurium isolates were of sequence type ST-19. Microbiological screening of Salmonella was not routinely practiced in any of the surveyed egg businesses. Some of the egg businesses exhibited variable levels of compliance with basic biosecurity measures as well as high-risk egg handling practices. Egg businesses in WA should be encouraged to adopt a voluntary program of environmental sampling and verification testing for Salmonella. Such voluntary programs will aid in supporting solutions for the management of this pathogen in the human food chain.

Food Safety on the Farm: Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices – Packing Operation Sanitation

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesscia A. Lepper ◽  
Aswathy Sreedharan ◽  
Renée Goodrich Schneider ◽  
Keith R. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Produce Safety ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Safety Rule ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Voluntary Program ◽  
Federal Guidelines

Good agricultural practices (GAPs) and good handling practices (GHPs) encompass the general procedures that growers, packers and processors of fresh fruits and vegetables should follow to ensure the safety of their product. GAPs usually deal with preharvest practices (i.e., in the field), while GHPs cover postharvest practices, including packing, storage and shipping. This factsheet covers GAPs relating to packing operation sanitation. There are seven other Florida Cooperative Extension factsheets in the ‘Food Safety on the Farm’ series that focus on specific aspects of the GAPs program and how they relate to Florida crops and practices. Under the new Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), GAPs are a foundation of the Produce Safety Rule (PSR). Other than for round tomatoes in Florida (T-GAPs regulation), GAPs have mainly been a voluntary program. Additionally the PSR mandates all non-exempt operations to follow these new FSMA federal guidelines (6), but all exempt commodities and for those producers exporting to foreign countries, GAPs may still be required. Both the mandatory PSR and GAPs aim to reduce the foodborne illness burden associated with produce.

Salmonella spp. in Healthy Swine and in Abattoir Environments in Brazil

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORMA S. LÁZARO ◽  
ANITA TIBANA ◽  
ERNESTO HOFER
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Tank Water

Tonsils and inguinal, mesenteric, and prescapular lymph node samples collected from 115 swine carcasses from two abattoirs and a family-run operation in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were cultured for the presence of Salmonella species. Salmonella spp. were detected in 40 (34.8%) of the swine samples with the following distribution; tonsils (31/40, 77.5%), mesenteric lymph nodes (16/40, 40.0%), inguinal lymph nodes, (9/40, 22.5%), and prescapular lymph nodes (7/40, 17.5%), Scalding tank water and environmental swabs collected from the abattoirs were also analyzed. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 13 of 51 (22.5%) of the environmental samples from one of the two abattoirs, none from those from the other abattoir. Salmonella spp. were recovered from the evisceration tables (5/11, 45.5%), the killing room (3/10, 30.0%), the holding pen (2/10, 20.0%), the butchering saw (2/10, 20.0%), and the scalding tank (1/10, 10.0%). The most frequently detected serovar was Salmonella Muenster. The results show the necessity of adopting more effective hygienic measures in the abattoirs as well as in the areas where swine are raised in order to reduce the role of abattoirs and storage facilities in the spread of Salmonella contamination.

scholarly journals Greywater characterization and handling practices among urban households in Ghana: the case of three communities in Kumasi Metropolis

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bismark Dwumfour-Asare ◽  
Philomina Adantey ◽  
Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko ◽  
Eugene Appiah-Effah
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Challenge And Threat ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Greywater Reuse

Greywater management in Ghana receives little or no attention although untreated greywater is associated with environmental and public health risks. This paper assesses greywater characteristics and handling practices among urban households in three selected communities in Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. The study involved in-depth surveys (interviews and observations) with 90 households, and collection of 18 greywater samples from nine greywater sources for laboratory analysis. Average greywater generation is 43.36 ± 17 litres per capita per day, equivalent to 36% of average water consumption. Greywater is untreated before disposal (≈99%), and disposal is mainly (89%) into drains and onto streets. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels are high but give very low BOD/COD ratios (0.20 ± 0.07) indicating a very low biodegradability potential. Nutrient levels are high: 12 times (P) and 30 times (N) in excess of standard discharge limits. Other contaminants detected are heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd), microbes (total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.), and organic micropollutants – benzalkonium chloride, parabens (methyl and propyl), sodium benzoate and hypochlorite – and details of the levels are discussed in the paper. Greywater reuse could be useful for biomass production, but it also presents a challenge and threat to natural biological processes and water sources.

Comparison of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Recovery of Salmonella spp. from Four Low-Moisture Foods

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERALDINE ALLEN JUNE ◽  
PATRICIA S. SHERROD ◽  
WALLACE H. ANDREWS
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassays ◽  
Assay Result ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Low Moisture Foods ◽  
Number Of Cells

Two enzyme immunoassays (Salmonella-Tek™ and Report™) were compared with the standard culture method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and the Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for the recovery of Salmonella spp. from four low-moisture foods. Two protocols were used to compare the effectiveness of the two immunoassays: i) foods were contaminated in the dry state; or ii) serial tenfold dilutions of Salmonella spp. were inoculated into the postenrichments after incubation. Of three hundred 25-g test portions inoculated in the dry state, 199 gave confirmed positive reactions with the Salmonella-Tek™ assay, 193 with the Report™ assay, and 206 with the AOAC/BAM method. There were seven false-negative reactions with Salmonella-Tek™ and 13 false negatives with the Report™, a false negative being defined as one that was negative by the enzyme immunoassay but was confirmed positive by the AOAC/BAM culture method. When the postenrichments were inoculated after incubation, a lower number of cells gave a positive assay result with the Salmonella-Tek™ system than with the Report™ system, indicating greater sensitivity

Reveal® Salmonella 2.0 Test for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Foods and Environmental Samples

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1467-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hoerner ◽  
Jill Feldpausch ◽  
R. Lucas Gray ◽  
Stephanie Curry ◽  
Zahidul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Salmonella Spp

scholarly journals Occurrence and traceability of Salmonella spp. in five Sardinian fermented sausage facilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Piras ◽  
Carlo Spanu ◽  
Anna Maria Mocci ◽  
Mariella Demontis ◽  
Enrico Petro Luigi De Santis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Fermented Sausage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Processing Plants

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the presence of Salmonella in five fermented sausage processing plants and their products during the production process, and to trace the possible sources of contamination. A total of 270 samples were collected: mixture of ground pork meat and fat, products at the end of acidification, sausages at the end of ripening and, during production stages, surfaces in contact with meat and surfaces not in contact with meat. For samples of ground meat, product at the end of acidification and sausages at the end of ripening, the pH and water activity (aw), were determined. All the samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella. Thirtytwo Salmonella isolates were obtained, subjected to serotyping and PFGE. The sausages at the end of ripening pH and aw mean values were 5.39±0.24 and 0.91±0.03, respectively. Salmonella was detected in three processing plants with an overall prevalence of 16.7% in food samples and 5.8% in environmental samples. Salmonella prevalence was 24% in ground meat and products at the end of acidification and was also detected in a sample of sausage at the end of ripening (2%). In environmental samples, Salmonella was detected in 6.6% of surfaces in contact with meat and 5% of surfaces not in contact with meat. Five serotypes were identified among 32 isolates: S. Derby (37.5%), S. Typhimurium and S. Rissen (both 25%), S. Give and monophasic S. Typhimurium (both 6.25%). Six different pulsotypes were obtained with PFGE. The serotypes and the PFGE pattern of the strains were specific for each facility with no overlapping between different processing plants. The same observation can be pointed out considering different sampling days for the same processing plants, thus presumably indicating the raw material (ground pork meat and fat) as the source of contamination. The detection of Salmonella in a sample of sausage at the end of ripening highlights the ability of the pathogen to survive during manufacturing process.

Balancing Barriers to Entry and Administrative Burden in Voluntary Regulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P Carter ◽  
Tyler A Scott ◽  
Nadia Mahallati
Keyword(s):  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Private Governance ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Administrative Burden ◽  
Voluntary Regulation ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
Voluntary Program

Abstract Voluntary programs have become a recognized instrument for achieving public and private governance goals. As a governance instrument, these programs face a design challenge: to generate societal benefits, a voluntary program must establish stringent standards that support the program’s environmental or social goals, and at the same time program costs that may deter program participation. We argue that the theoretical framework of administrative burden provides a means to consider how voluntary programs may set and adjust entry barriers to motivate participation while maintaining credibility. The framework’s applicability is illustrated through an examination of National Organic Program initiatives to reduce the administrative burden faced by agricultural producers seeking organic certification. Through a discussion drawing on the case, we identify three questions and a series of theoretical expectations for research contributing to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of voluntary program administrative burden.

Effectiveness of Three Training Delivery Methods in a Voluntary Program

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (26) ◽  
pp. 1959-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Salehi ◽  
Lesley Strawderman ◽  
Yunchen Huang ◽  
Shaheen Ahmed ◽  
Kari Babski-Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Volunteer Training ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Voluntary Program ◽  
Training Delivery

Different training delivery methods each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Method effectiveness is based on the characteristics of the trainees and the program itself. Voluntary programs require extra consideration as there is no direct obligation for volunteers to participate and interact with the system. This paper studies and compares three methods (online, video, and face-to-face) for delivering training in a voluntary program. Demographic characteristics affected trainees' preference for training delivery method. Also, the training delivery method significantly impacts trainees' performance, participation in the program, and trainees' perceptions regarding re-training. These issues should be considered when a volunteer training program is designed.

scholarly journals Real-time PCR to supplement gold-standard culture-based detection of Legionella in environmental samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Collins ◽  
F. Jorgensen ◽  
C. Willis ◽  
J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Standard Culture

Bacteriological Analysis of Ready-to-eat Foods from Morogoro Municipal Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
J.N. Ndunguru ◽  
D.G. Ndossi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Bacteriological Analysis ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Handling Practices

Street vendors supply large quantities of food at affordable prices in many places especially in developing countries. Street foods are common sources of bacteriological contamination causing food poisoning, diarrhea, cholera and typhoid fever. This study analyzed the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat foods vended in Morogoro Municipal Market. A total of 70 samples from different street foods were randomly collected from different vendors and transported in cool boxes to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Additional information regarding food preparation, storage and handling practices observed by vendors was noted to correlate with the extent of bacterial contamination. Majority (67.1%) of the ready to eat foods were contaminated with bacteria. Vegetable salads and Potato fries showed highest bacterial contamination rates (78.6%). Escherichia coli (49.2%) was the major isolate in all food types. Other bacteria isolated were Bacillus cereus (19.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) and Salmonella spp. (1.6%). E. coli was resistant to some antimicrobials (carbenicilin, clindamycin and tetracycline). High levels of bacterial contamination were associated with poor hygiene of vendors, unsafe food handling practices and use of contaminated water in food preparation.  Although the presence of the microorganisms is not necessarily a threat to human health, the fact that some microorganisms were resistant to some antibiotics is of concern. Provision of sanitation and hygiene education to vendors and regulations for implementation of good hygienic practices can improve quality of street foods

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