Development of a Unified National Database of Burn Centers with Co-located Emergency Departments, 2020

The care of severely burned patients comes with unique requirements for specialized burn centers. The American Burn Association sets guidelines for burn centers and provides a voluntary program to verify their quality of care. However, not all burn centers are verified, and it is unclear which nonverified centers have met requirements set by their state health departments. To compile a complete database of all United States emergency departments in facilities with confirmed burn centers, we investigated state requirements to supplement data from the American Burn Association verification process. In 2020, only 13 states set requirements for burn centers; 3 states explicitly required American Burn Association verification, 4 used modified American Burn Association criteria, and 6 used alternate criteria. Only 2 states had separate requirements for pediatric burn centers. Based on adherence to state and American Burn Association criteria, we identified 90 confirmed burn centers in 2020, 85 of which had emergency departments. Of these 85, 45 (53%) were only verified, 17 (20%) were only state-confirmed, and 23 (27%) were both. Emergency departments in a confirmed burn center were more likely—than those without—to have higher adult and pediatric visit volumes, be academic, be a stroke or trauma (adult or pediatric) center, have a dedicated pediatric area, and have a pediatric emergency care coordinator. We compiled the first unified burn center database that incorporates state and American Burn Association lists. This database can be utilized in future health services research and is available to the public through a smartphone application.

Assessments of Landowners’ Willingness to Accept Compensation for Participating in Forest Certification in Shandong, China

Achieving sustainable management of forests in China is becoming increasingly important with more awareness and realization of the importance of forests in environmental protection. Forest certification, a market-based instrument to promote sustainable forest management, has been recognized by many countries including China. While landowners’ perception and perspective regarding this voluntary program have been well-documented in the literature, how to motivate and incentivize landowners to participate in forest certification remained understudied questions. With the face-to-face survey of landowners in Shandong, China, this study analyzed landowners’ willingness to accept compensation for participating in forest certification. Results indicated that the average accepted compensation in terms of increased timber price was about RMB 120 (~USD 17.6)/m3 to have their forests enrolled in certification programs. Results from multiple regression showed that the level of such compensation required for participation in certification was influenced by forestland size, owner demographics, certification-program requirements, and importance placed on timber production. These findings would inform policy-makers in designing compensation-related policies and establish incentive-based mechanisms to motivate forest landowners to participate in forest certification programs in China.

The Educational Value and Emotional Impact on Medical Students After Participating in Transplant Organ Retrieval

Introduction: Medical students and healthcare professionals lack knowledge and confidence in organ transplantation which stems in part from a lack of exposure to transplant surgery at medical school. To address this, we developed a program that allowed students to attend organ retrievals and assessed its efficacy as an educational intervention. Methods: Students were invited to attend organ retrievals through a voluntary program. Students then completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire (n = 40) designed to capture the perceived educational value and emotive impact of attending an organ retrieval, and its effect on career aspirations. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. Results: 100% of students would recommend attending an organ retrieval to a colleague. Students strongly agreed that attending an organ retrieval was a useful learning experience (87.5%) and 90% of students felt more confident discussing organ donation with patients and relatives. 50% of students were more likely to pursue a career in transplant surgery. Students recognized a number of difficulties associated with the emotive impact of organ procurement. Conclusion: An organ retrieval program for medical students offers a novel learning opportunity, and may increase knowledge and improve attitudes toward transplantation in future healthcare professionals. However, the emotive impact of exposing students to organ retrievals must also be recognized.

Feasibility of implementing a text-based symptom-monitoring program of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer patients during treatment

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of implementing systematic patient symptom monitoring during treatment using a smartphone. Methods Endometrial [n = 50], ovarian [n = 70] and breast [n = 193] cancer patients participated in text-based symptom reporting for up to 12 months. In order to promote equity, patients without a smartphone were provided with a device, with the phone charges paid by program funds. Each month, patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and 4 single items assessing fatigue, sleep quality, pain, and global quality of life during the past 7 days rated on a 0 (low) –10 (high) scale. Patients’ responses were captured using REDCap, with oncologists receiving monthly feedback. Lay navigators provided assistance to patients with non-medical needs. Results Patients utilizing this voluntary program had an overall mean age of 60.5 (range 26–87), and 85% were non-Hispanic white. iPhones were provided to 42 patients, and navigation services were used by 69 patients. Average adherence with monthly surveys ranged between 75–77%, with breast patients having lower adherence after 5 months. The most commonly reported symptoms across cancer types were moderate levels (scores of 4–7) of fatigue and sleep disturbance. At 6 months, 71–77% of all patients believed the surveys were useful to them and their health care team. Conclusions We established the feasibility of initiating and managing patients in a monthly text-based symptom-monitoring program. The provision of smartphones and patient navigation were unique and vital components of this program.

Assessments of Landowners’ Willingness to Accept Compensation for Participating in Forest Certification in Shandong China

Achieving sustainable management of forests in China is becoming increasingly important with more awareness and realization of the importance of forests in environmental protection. Forest certification, a market-based instrument to promote sustainable forest management, has been recognized by many countries including China. While landowners’ perception and perspective regarding this voluntary program have been well-documented in literature, how to motivate and incentivize landowners to participate in forest certification remained under-studied questions. With the face-to-face survey of landowners in Shandong, China, this study analyzed landowners’ willingness to accept compensation for participating in forest certification. Results indicated that landowners average accepted compensation, in terms of increased timber price, was about RMB120 (~$17.2)/m3 to have their forests certified. Results from multiple regression showed that the level of such compensation required for certification adoption was influenced by ownership size, owners’ demographics, certification program requirements, as well as importance placed on timber sale. These findings would inform policy-makers in designing compensation-related polices and establish incentive-based mechanisms to motivate landowners participate in forest certification programs in China.

Characteristics of Individuals Who Chose to Participate in a Preceptor Continuing Professional Development Program

An online program for pharmacy preceptors to improve their clinical teaching using continuing professional development (CPD) was launched in 2017. While 491 preceptors participated in the CPD program, only 35% of potential participants completed this voluntary program. A secondary data analysis was undertaken to determine the characteristics of preceptors who completed the program and identify ways to target program advertising for those who did not complete it. Residency-trained preceptors were more likely to complete the CPD program compared with those without residency training (45% and 37%, respectively; p = 0.011). This may be due to the inclusion of CPD in residency accreditation standards. To improve completion of the CPD program by preceptors without residencies, a brief introduction to CPD, a statement of benefits, and use of a personalized plan should be included in advertisements. Preceptors teaching more experiential students were more likely to complete the CPD program (p < 0.001 for introductory and advanced experiences). To encourage preceptors with less students to participate, the CPD program should be advertised year-round to allow preceptors to complete the training when it is most relevant to their precepting schedule. Future directions include the monitoring of changes in CPD program participation rates following changes in advertisements and exploring other motivations for program completion such as collaborations with employers.

Monetary value and cost analysis of a youth voluntary program on road safety in Iran

Objectives: Volunteering has great economic and social benefits, but it is neglected due to the voluntary nature of the work. The purpose of this study was to assess the monetary aspect of voluntary activities in the plan of Iranian National Safety and Health for New Year Holidays passengers and analyze cost analysis of the implementation of this plan by youth volunteers.Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 1574 volunteers outlined in this plan were analyzed from Wage Replacement and Replacement Cost approach for monetary evaluation of voluntary activities. In addition, the cost benefit analysis of a Red Crescent voluntary plan is calculated by "value audit and volunteer investment" (VIVA) technique.Results: In the mentioned road safety plan, the sum of the economic value of volunteering work in the Nowruz passenger's safety and health plan is multiplied by the number of working hours of youth volunteers per day, the number of young people and the average wage was earned at an hour, which was obtained as $ 69885.6. also Viva rate is 10.6$ means every dollar Red crescent spent will cost more than 10$ if it wasn’t voluntary. Discussion: According to the findings, it seems that the voluntary plan for safety and health of New Year holidays passengers had been economically profitable for the Red Crescent population as well as for the government because of its high revenue compared to the its cost.

The Important of Improving a Nutritional Status for Children with Disabilities

Disability is a special condition faced by some people. West Nusa Tenggara is at the top ten highest percentages for this special issue. This voluntary program was carried out to educate people how to maintain the diets of children in a special condition. The sharing programme was done by conducted a presentation, discussion, checking a height and weight and consultation. It was obtained that almost all parents having a kids with disability did not understand and were not aware how to prepare and choose food for their children. Approximately all children with a special issue at LombokCare community did not meet the standard height-for-age of World Health Organization (WHO), meaning that they were stunted. Therefore, a new insight and better care practices were gained by the parents in order to control and prepare the balanced diets of their special children.

MANFAAT KEGIATAN SUKARELA TAMAN CERDAS GANESHA DI KABUPATEN BULELENG BAGI MAHASISWA PENGELOLA

Taman Cerdas Ganesha (TCG) merupakan kegiatan mengajar sukarela yang dibentuk atas kerja sama perguruan tinggi dan komunitas sosial yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Buleleng-Bali, Indonesia. Kegiatan ini memberikan kelas gratis setiap hari Minggu bagi siswa-siswa Sekolah Dasar (SD) di beberapa desa binaan. Pengajar sukarela merupakan tim yang terdiri dari mahasiswa dengan dimentori oleh dosen. Selain dimaksudkan untuk membantu pemerataan akses pendidikan, kegiatan ini juga bertujuan untuk memupuk sikap mental sebagai pengajar sukarela di kalangan mahasiswa. Setiap semesternya ada sekitar 100 hingga 120 mahasiswa yang terlibat sebagai sukarelawan. Metode yang dilakukan untuk pengabdian ini adalah dengan Participatory Rural Appraisal dimana subjek diajak terlibat langsung untuk memahami keseluruhan pengabdian, mulai dari merancang, melaksanakan hingga mengevaluasi. Untuk mengevaluasi kegiatan, 75 mahasiswa yang pernah mengajar sukarela di TCG diminta mengisi kuesioner terkait dengan kegiatan yang dilakukan. Data yang masuk kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif untuk melihat bagaimana sikap mental kerelawanan mahasiswa yang terlibat dalam pelaksanaan TCG. Analisis data menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa yang pernah terlibat sebagai sukarelawan merasakan kegiatan ini berguna dan sangat baik untuk dilanjutkan, tidak mengganggu waktu belajar maupun istirahat dan memotivasi semangat berprestasi.Kata kunci: Kegiatan Sukarela; Sukarelawan; Pengabdian; Taman Cerdas Ganesha.AbstractTaman Cerdas Ganesha (TCG) is a social voluntary teaching program initiated by the cooperation between university and community located in Buleleng-Bali, Indonesia. The program provides a free weekly classroom for elementary school students in several villages and suburbs. The volunteers were the prospective mathematics teachers and mentored by the lecturers. Besides to evenly distribute the educational access, TCG was aimed to promote voluntary attitude of the university students. In every semester, there are 100 to 120 students who participate as voluntary teachers. The method employed in the TCG program was Participatory Rural Appraisal where the subjects were involved to understanding the whole community service started from designing, implementing and evaluating the lesson program. To assess the benefits of the voluntary program to the volunteers, we asked 75 participants to fulfil the questionnaire. The data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive method to observe how the participants’ voluntary attitudes were developed during the event. The result showed that the university students who participate as volunteers felt the program useful to help the young students in rural area. They also did not think the voluntary program as a burden for them. Hence, it is recommended to continue the program to wider targeted subjects.Keywords: Voluntary Attitudes; Volunteer; Community Service; Taman Cerdas Ganesha.

Vaccination Policies: Between Best and Basic Interests of the Child, between Precaution and Proportionality

How should liberal-democratic governments deal with emerging vaccination hesitancy when that leads to the resurgence of diseases that for decades were under control? This article argues that vaccination policies should be justified in terms of a proper weighing of the rights of children to be protected against vaccine-preventable diseases and the rights of parents to raise their children in ways that they see fit. The argument starts from the concept of the ‘best interests of the child involved’. The concept is elaborated for this context into the dual regime structure in which parents have fiduciary authority over what they consider to be best for their child, and the state has fiduciary authority over a child’s basic interests. This argument leads to conditional mandatory vaccination programs that should be informed by a correct balancing of the two legal principles of proportionality and precaution. This results in contextual childhood vaccination policies of upscaling interference: a three-tiered approach of increased intrusion, from voluntary program when possible and mandatory or even compulsory programs when necessary to protect the child’s basic interests.