An Incidental-Effect Hypothesis Explaining Aggregation of Males in a Population of Euphydryas anicia

1988 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Odendaal ◽  
P. Turchin ◽  
F. R. Stermitz
Keyword(s):  
Euphydryas Anicia ◽  
Effect Hypothesis

scholarly journals The Paradoxical Effect Hypothesis of Abused Drugs in a Rat Model of Chronic Morphine Administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3197
Author(s):  
Yinghao Yu ◽  
Alan Bohan He ◽  
Michelle Liou ◽  
Chenyin Ou ◽  
Anna Kozłowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Paradoxical Effect ◽  
Chronic Morphine ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Abused Drugs ◽  
Effect Hypothesis

A growing body of studies has recently shown that abused drugs could simultaneously induce the paradoxical effect in reward and aversion to influence drug addiction. However, whether morphine induces reward and aversion, and which neural substrates are involved in morphine’s reward and aversion remains unclear. The present study first examined which doses of morphine can simultaneously produce reward in conditioned place preference (CPP) and aversion in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats. Furthermore, the aversive dose of morphine was determined. Moreover, using the aversive dose of 10 mg/kg morphine tested plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and examined which neural substrates were involved in the aversive morphine-induced CTA on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement. Further, we analyzed c-Fos and p-ERK expression to demonstrate the paradoxical effect—reward and aversion and nonhomeostasis or disturbance by morphine-induced CTA. The results showed that a dose of more than 20 mg/kg morphine simultaneously induced reward in CPP and aversion in CTA. A dose of 10 mg/kg morphine only induced the aversive CTA, and it produced higher plasma CORT levels in conditioning and reacquisition but not extinction. High plasma CORT secretions by 10 mg/kg morphine-induced CTA most likely resulted from stress-related aversion but were not a rewarding property of morphine. For assessments of c-Fos and p-ERK expression, the cingulate cortex 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), infralimbic cortex (IL), basolateral amygdala (BLA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and dentate gyrus (DG) were involved in the morphine-induced CTA, and resulted from the aversive effect of morphine on conditioning and reinstatement. The c-Fos data showed fewer neural substrates (e.g., PrL, IL, and LH) on extinction to be hyperactive. In the context of previous drug addiction data, the evidence suggests that morphine injections may induce hyperactivity in many neural substrates, which mediate reward and/or aversion due to disturbance and nonhomeostasis in the brain. The results support the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. Insight from the findings could be used in the clinical treatment of drug addiction.

Den sharing by juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in nursery habitat: cooperation or coincidence?

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Childress ◽  
William F. Herrnkind
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Nursery Habitat ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Predator Density ◽  
Conspecific Density ◽  
Spiny Lobsters ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sharing Patterns

Spiny lobsters (Palinuridae) commonly share crevice shelters with conspecifics, a behaviour usually hypothesized to benefit mutually cooperative defenders through reduced predation risk. The group-defence hypothesis predicts a suite of distinct corollary life history traits and ecological correlates including more frequent co-denning than solitary denning, especially where predators or den competitors are numerous and when the lobsters are small, moulting or otherwise vulnerable. Two alternative co-denning hypotheses, the dilution effect (a type of selfish herding) and the guide effect (attraction to a denned conspecific), have different and distinctive sets of predictions. To test among these hypotheses, the den-sharing patterns of newly emerged postalgal juveniles of Panulirus argus and associated ecological conditions in the Florida Bay (USA) nursery habitat were examined. Only half of the juveniles shared dens, and rarely was den sharing in an area greater than that expected by chance. Den-sharing frequency was most highly correlated with conspecific density and scarcity of local dens. The lack of correlation between den sharing and lobster size, moult condition, shelter type and predator density failed to support either the group-defence or the dilution-effect hypothesis. Instead, the data better support the guide-effect hypothesis.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Pengaruh Penggunaan Metode Pembelajaran Discovery dan Asesmen Essay Untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar dan Pemahaman Metakognisi Biologi Siswa SMA di Kota Bekasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fauzan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Effect Hypothesis

The purpose of this research is to find out the effectiveness of the use of discovery learning methods and essay assessment. Research method is quasi experiment and use pretest - posttest control group design. The data obtained were analyzed with descriptive statistics and parametric inferential statistics. Data on understanding metacognition and learning achievement using test instruments of learning results as well as metacognition tests are measured by criteria of metacognition ability. Control class data normality test with Shapiro-wilk 0,108 and 0,123 > 0,005 normal distributed data. Test normality of experiment class data 0,114 and 0,110 > 0,005 normal distributed data. Test the simultaneous similarity of variants with Box'M 0.001 < 0.005 then the dependent variables have the same simultaneous variants. Homogeneity test using Levene's Test 0,845 and 0,311 > 0,005 then homogeneous distributed data. Multivariate homogeneity test using Hotteling's trace manova 0,000 ,0,000 and 0,001 < 0,005 homogeneous data in mltivariate. Testing the main effect hypothesis to one 0,000 and 0,000 < 0,005 there is a significant influence of learning methods on dependent variables, main effect of the second hypothesis of 0,000 and 0,000 < 0,005 there is a significant influence of assessment techniques on dependent variables, interaction effect testing 0,001 and 0,000 < 0,005 there is a significant influence of interaction on dependent variables.

BRADFORD HILL ON CAUSALITY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-593
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Biological Plausibility ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Bradford Hill ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Control Study

When Bradford Hill's famous case-control study of the association between smoking and lung cancer was criticized, he listed the inferences used to establish causality, Strength of association Consistency Specificity Relationship in time Biological gradient Biological plausibility Coherence of evidence Experiment Analogy and said, "None of these nine viewpoints can bring indisputable evidence for or against a cause and effect hypothesis and, equally, none can be required as a sine qua non. What they can do, with greaten or less strength, is to help answer the fundamental question—is there any other way of explaining the set of facts before us, is there any other answer equally, or more, likely than cause and effect?

Stock Market Responses to Monetary and Fiscal Policies

2022 ◽  
pp. 266-282
Author(s):  
Elif Erer ◽  
Deniz Erer
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Stock Market Returns ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Stock Market Performance ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Positive Effect

This study analyzes the short-run and long-run effects of interaction between fiscal and monetary policies on stock market performance in four emerging Asian economies, which are China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, by using ARDL model. The study covers the period of 2003:Q1-2020:Q1. The findings from this study show monetary and fiscal policies play an important role in determining stock market returns. Also, the results theoretically support Richardian neutrality hypothesis for China and Indonesia, Keynesian positive effect hypothesis for India, and classical crowding out effect hypothesis for Malaysia, and interest channel of monetary transmission mechanism only for China.

scholarly journals Performance-Based or Politic-Related Decomposition of Environmental Targets: A Multilevel Analysis in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Jiannan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Target Setting ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Energy Conversation ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Responsibility System

China relies on the total pollutant emission control and environmental target responsibility system to curb environmental pollution and improve energy conversation. How the central government breaks down environmental targets among provincial governments lies at the core, but little research has been done to explore the determinants of environmental target-setting empirically. This work models the decomposition process of environmental targets by focusing on the roles of historical performance and provinces’ political status. With the method of hierarchical linear model, data on five kinds of environmental obligatory targets (energy consumption per unit GDP and other four kinds of pollutants) during China’s “12th Five-year Plan” period is used to test the hypotheses. The results show that provincial historical structural performance is negatively significantly correlated with their environmental target levels, while the effects of historical scale performance and intensity performance are not significant. Besides, provinces with higher political rankings tend to be allocated higher targets, which is in accordance with the model effect hypothesis rather than the bargaining effect hypothesis.

Duration of residence and disease occurrence among refugees and family reunited immigrants: test of the ‘healthy migrant effect’ hypothesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Norredam ◽  
Charles Agyemang ◽  
Oluf K. Hoejbjerg Hansen ◽  
Jørgen H. Petersen ◽  
Stine Byberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Migrant Effect ◽  
Duration Of Residence ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Effect Hypothesis
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document