Performance-Based or Politic-Related Decomposition of Environmental Targets: A Multilevel Analysis in China

China relies on the total pollutant emission control and environmental target responsibility system to curb environmental pollution and improve energy conversation. How the central government breaks down environmental targets among provincial governments lies at the core, but little research has been done to explore the determinants of environmental target-setting empirically. This work models the decomposition process of environmental targets by focusing on the roles of historical performance and provinces’ political status. With the method of hierarchical linear model, data on five kinds of environmental obligatory targets (energy consumption per unit GDP and other four kinds of pollutants) during China’s “12th Five-year Plan” period is used to test the hypotheses. The results show that provincial historical structural performance is negatively significantly correlated with their environmental target levels, while the effects of historical scale performance and intensity performance are not significant. Besides, provinces with higher political rankings tend to be allocated higher targets, which is in accordance with the model effect hypothesis rather than the bargaining effect hypothesis.

Photocatalytic Properties and Graphene Oxide Additional Effects in TiO2

Photocatalytic activity in TiO2 attract great attention because it promising application in contaminations on degradation and energy conversation. However there is a need on TiO2 band gap modification to be equivalent with the visible light. Thus, inviting several method of addition certain elements including in this study, the additional of graphene oxide (GO) was investigated. GO were prepared by Hummer method before it was added into TiO2. The formation of GO from it graphite precursor had been confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The existence of D-band at wavelength of 1328 cm-1 and G-band at 1573 cm-1 shows the formation of GO. The GO was then added in different concentration; 0.0 - 1.0 wt% into TiO2. The photocatalytic activity was determined using calculating the photodegradation efficiencies of methylene blue under UV light irradiation. The experimental results showed that the photodegradation of MB were increased with higher dopants concentration due to reduction of band gap energy of TiO2 from 3.2 eV to 3.0 eV for 1.0 wt% GO-with the photodegradation efficiency of GO doped TiO2 was 61.38%.

Incompressible hydrodynamic approximation with viscous heating to the Boltzmann equation

The incompressible Navier–Stokes–Fourier (INSF) system with viscous heating was first derived from the Boltzmann equation in the form of the diffusive scaling by Bardos–Levermore–Ukai–Yang [Kinetic equations: Fluid dynamical limits and viscous heating, Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sin.[Formula: see text] 3 (2008) 1–49]. The purpose of this paper is to justify such an incompressible hydrodynamic approximation to the Boltzmann equation in [Formula: see text] setting in a periodic box. Based on an odd–even expansion of the solution with respect to the microscopic velocity, the diffusive coefficients are determined by the INSF system with viscous heating and the super-Burnett functions. More importantly, the remainder of the expansion is proven to decay exponentially in time via an [Formula: see text] approach on the condition that the initial data satisfies the mass, momentum and energy conversation laws.