scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

1944 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Sollner ◽  
Paul W. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Porous Membrane ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Isobutyl Alcohol ◽  
Organic Electrolytes ◽  
Strong Electrolytes ◽  
The Ideal

1. Dried collodion membranes are known to swell in water and to the same limited extent also in solutions of strong inorganic electrolytes (Carr and Sollner). The present investigation shows that in solutions of organic electrolytes and non-electrolytes, the swelling of dried collodion membranes is not as uniform, but depends on the nature of the solute. 2. The solutions of typically "hydrophilic" substances, e.g., glycerine, glucose, and citric acid, swell collodion membranes only to the same extent as water and solutions of strong electrolytes. In solutions of typically carbophilic substances (e.g., butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyl alcohol, valeramide, phenol, and m-nitrophenol) the swelling of the membranes is much stronger than in water, according to the concentration used. For the brand of collodion used the swelling in 0.5 M solution was in some cases as high as 26 per cent of the original volume, as compared to 6 to 7 per cent in water. Therefore, in these solutions the "water-wetted dried" collodion membrane is not rigid, inert, and non-swelling, but behaves as a swelling membrane. 3. The solutes which cause an increased swelling of the membranes are accumulated in the latter, the degree of accumulation being markedly parallel with the degree of their specific swelling action. 4. The anomalously high permeabilities of certain carbophilic organic solutes reported by Michaelis, Collander, and Höber find an explanation in the specific interaction of these substances with collodion. 5. The use of the collodion membrane as a model of the ideal porous membrane is restricted to those instances in which no specific interaction occurs between the solute and the collodion.

The Linear Sweep Voltammetric Study and Two-Step Electrodeposition of CuIn 0.95 Se2.1Thin Film in a Citric Acid Electrolyte

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 2744-2747
Author(s):  
Wei Xiong ◽  
Fei Hu ◽  
Hua Bing Fang ◽  
Yue Hui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Acid Electrolyte ◽  
Linear Sweep ◽  
Voltammetric Study ◽  
Reduction Current ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Ideal

Electrodeposition of CuInSe2 (CIS) thin films has been investigated by linear sweep voltammetry on F-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass in electrolytes containing citric acid. It is found that one-step electrodeposited CIS thin films have great deviation from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. After deposited a film at -900 mV (vs.SCE) for 20s on the FTO, the linear sweep voltammetry has showed that only one reduction current peak at -550 mV is remained, and the two-step electrodeposited CIS film showed a near- toichiometric ratio of 1:0.9:2.1.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

1943 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Carr ◽  
Karl Sollner
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Porous Membranes ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Strong Electrolytes

1. The assumption, has generally been made that collodion membranes are rigid and non-swelling in water and aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes, and considerable uncertainty exists as to the manner in which water is taken up by "dried" collodion membranes. In approaching these problems experimentally, the weight and volume changes of collodion membranes when placed in water and when transferred from water to solutions of strong electrolytes were determined. 2. Dried collodion membranes swell reversibly to an appreciable extent when placed in water, the swelling varying from 5 to 11 per cent depending on the brand of collodion. The water uptake and swelling of oxidized collodion is the same as the original unoxidized preparation. 3. The water uptake as determined by the weight increase is larger than could be accounted for by the volume increase, swelling accounting for only 60 to 70 per cent of the water taken up by the membranes. 4. When the "water-wetted dried" collodion membranes were transferred from water to solutions of various strong electrolytes, there was no detectable change in volume. Similarly, when the "porous" membranes were transferred from water to solutions of strong electrolytes, there was no significant volume change. 5. When dried collodion membranes swell in water, some of the water becomes "bound" water, and both intramicellar and intermicellar swelling seem to occur. Therefore, neither the weight increase nor the volume increase nor their difference can be taken as a measure of the true pore space of the membrane. It is concluded that the important problem is not the absolute water content, but how much water in the water-wet membranes is available in useful pathways for the different solutes.

EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER-POLYANILINE DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE BLENDS: EFFECT OF STRAIN

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Conductive Filler ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Colorable, sulfur-vulcanized epoxidized natural rubber-polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate (ENR-PAni.DBSA) blends with good electrical conductivities (up to 10−1 S·cm−1) and good mechanical properties (including high damping) were successfully prepared. An effect of conductive filler particle's surface area and shape was studied for the vulcanized blends by testing them through 900 cycles of straining. The elongated shape of PAni.DBSA particles (as observed by using transmission electron microscope) did contribute to the very low percolation threshold for unstrained samples (about 3.0 wt. % of PAni.DBSA loading) and the reproducible electrical behavior (≥95% retention of original unstrained value) for samples under straining cycles. With the ideal mechanical properties and reproducible electrical behavior, these vulcanized blends do have good potential to be used as flexible smart materials that can correspond to the straining process.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

1941 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Sollner ◽  
Irving Abrams ◽  
Charles W. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Partial Oxidation ◽  
Electrochemical Behavior ◽  
Ion Adsorption ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Strong Electrolytes ◽  
Acidic Nature ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Very High ◽  
Acid Esters

1. The electrochemical behavior of membranes prepared from commercial collodion preparations varies widely, some preparations showing very high, other ones very low electrochemical efficiency ("activity"). 2. The electrochemical activity of a collodion membrane depends entirely upon impurities of an acidic nature contained in the collodion used for casting the membrane. 3. The active acidic impurities are substantially due to partial oxidation which occurs in the manufacturing process. Sulfuric acid compounds; e.g., acid sulfuric acid esters play only a minor rôle, if any. 4. The electrochemical behavior of collodion membranes in solutions of strong electrolytes is decisively dependent upon the acidic groups built permanently into the collodion surfaces. Preferential ion adsorption plays only a minor, if any, rôle.

Metabolism of [U-14C]D-fructose by the isolated perfused udder

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Verbeke ◽  
Anne-Marie Massart-Leën ◽  
G. Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Lactating Mammary Gland ◽  
Specific Activities

SummaryA lactating mammary gland of a sheep and a goat were perfused for several hours in the presence of [U-14C]D-fructose and received adequate quantities of acetate, glucose and amino acids.In both experiments, there was a small incorporation of 14C in the expired CO2. Smaller radioactivities were measured in milk citric acid, lactose, casein and fat, the activities decreasing in that order. The specific activities of the amino acids from one casein hydrolysate were determined. The highest radioactivities were found in alanine and serine; methionine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid showed a smaller incorporation of 14C.These results indicate that fructose is metabolized only to a very limited extent by the mammary gland. The relative distribution of 14C observed among the different substances isolated may be explained by a direct splitting of fructose into two C3-fragments, glycolysis and metabolism via the Krebs cycle.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

1942 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Sollner ◽  
Charles W. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation State ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Structural Theory ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Phase Solubility ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Solution State ◽  
Homogeneous Phase ◽  
Characteristic Concentration ◽  
Strong Electrolytes

1. Experiments were carried out to decide whether a homogeneous phase (solubility) theory or a micellar-structural theory more adequately describes the behavior of dried collodion membranes with solutions of strong electrolytes. 2. A number of dried collodion membranes were prepared from an electrochemically inactive collodion preparation (state I); the characteristic concentration potentials across them were low, about 30 mv. The membranes were activated by oxidation (state II) to give maximum or nearly maximum concentration potentials (about 50 mv.). The oxidized membranes are dried, dissolved in alcohol-ether, and a new set of dry collodion membranes prepared from this solution (state III). The concentration potentials across these membranes are low. 3. Since the properties of a homogeneous phase should not be influenced by a rearrangement of its constituent particles, the experimental results do not support a homogeneous phase (solubility) theory, but they agree with the predictions of the micellar-structural theory. The characteristic behavior of dried collodion membranes in solutions of strong inorganic electrolytes is therefore due to the micellar character of its interstices.

Transport hindrances with electrodialytic recovery of citric acid from solution of strong electrolytes

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anusha Chandra ◽  
Jogi Ganesh Dattatreya Tadimeti ◽  
Sujay Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Strong Electrolytes

Localization of Intracellular Antigens in thin Sections with Ferritin Labeled Antibody

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
M.S. Shahrabadi ◽  
T. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Conjugate Prior ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Specific Attachment ◽  
Intracellular Antigen ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Ideal Method ◽  
The Ideal

The technique of labeling of macromolecules with ferritin conjugated antibody has been successfully used for extracellular antigen by means of staining the specimen with conjugate prior to fixation and embedding. However, the ideal method to determine the location of intracellular antigen would be to do the antigen-antibody reaction in thin sections. This technique contains inherent problems such as the destruction of antigenic determinants during fixation or embedding and the non-specific attachment of conjugate to the embedding media. Certain embedding media such as polyampholytes (2) or cross-linked bovine serum albumin (3) have been introduced to overcome some of these problems.

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