scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS IN RABBITS

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Curnen ◽  
Colin M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Sulfapyridine, administered to rabbits during the period of developing immunity after a single intravenous injection of heat-killed Pneumococcus Type I, exerted no influence upon the immune response. 2. Active immunity as indicated by increased resistance to homologous intradermal infection was present 48 hours after the immunizing injection and 2 days before circulating type specific antibodies were detectable. 3. Of the serological techniques employed for the detection of circulating antibody the mouse protective test yielded the highest percentage of positive results followed in order by tests for type specific agglutinins and precipitins, the latter being least satisfactory for the detection of small amounts of antibody.

DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FIVE HOURS AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I IN GUINEA PIGS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (6) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris S. Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The inoculation of guinea pigs with pneumococci Type I intraperitoneally resulted in the development of homologous agglutinating antibodies, which were detected in the sera as early as five hours after inoculation. The early appearance of active immunity, and the attainment of a sufficient titer, would appear to govern survival to a fatal homologous re-infecting dose of the organism.

scholarly journals REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
High Titre ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Derivatives Of

1. Injection of suspensions of heat-killed pneumococci into the skin of rabbits is followed by an active immunity which is effective against intravenous infection by homologous and heterologous types of Pneumococcus. 2. This form of active immunity may be induced by the injection of S or R strains of Pneumococcus. 3. Intracutaneous immunization with soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus does not induce active immunity to infection. 4. The sera of seventy-nine per cent of the rabbits immunized to Type I Pneumococcus by intracutaneous injections afforded no protection to mice against infection with pneumococci. 5. None of the sera of rabbits intracutaneously immunized to the type-specific Type III (S) pneumococci, to R cells, or to soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus protected white mice against infection. 6. The sera of rabbits immunized first intracutaneously and subsequently intravenously possess a high titre of protective antibodies. 7. It may be concluded that when type-specific pneumococci are injected into the skin they lose the property of stimulating an active immunity of a specific type and of stimulating the production of type-specific antibodies, but they act just as do the degraded or R forms, causing the animals to become resistant to infection with pneumococci of all types without the development of any type-specific antibodies in the serum.

scholarly journals CUTANEOUS REACTIVITY OF IMMUNE AND HYPERSENSITIVE RABBITS TO INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF HOMOLOGOUS INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCUS AND ITS FRACTIONS

1935 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Currier McEwen ◽  
Homer F. Swift
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
P Fraction ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Cutaneous Reactivity

Rabbits were immunized intravenously with intact indifferent streptococci, with homologous P fraction, and with an emulsion of mechanically ground cocci; others were sensitized by intravenous injection of the intact microorganisms. Their serologic and dermal reactions to these materials and to the homologous S fraction were compared with those of normal animals. The dissociation, in certain instances, between circulating antibody and dermal reactivity was noteworthy. From the results the following conclusions were drawn. 1. Intradermal injection of a soluble streptococcal protein into a rabbit immunized intravenously with that protein leads to the immediate anaphylactic type of skin response; while similar dermal testing of a rabbit sensitized by intracutaneous inoculation of the intact microorganism induces the delayed (tuberculin) type of response. 2. The induction of the immediate type of dermal reaction to streptococcal protein requires more than the mere presence of a high serum precipitin titer to that protein. 3. Lesions of the immediate type can be induced by the intradermal injection of a streptococcal carbohydrate into rabbits immunized intravenously with intact cocci and showing a high serum precipitin titer to that carbohydrate. 4. Intravenous immunization of rabbits with an emulsion of mechanically ground indifferent streptococci leads to the production of only non-type-specific antibodies. 5. It is possible that carbohydrate as well as protein fractions of indifferent streptococci are capable of eliciting the delayed type of dermal response in rabbits intracutaneously sensitized with that microorganism.

scholarly journals HUMORAL AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE SOMATIC ANTIGEN OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Landy ◽  
Ronald P. Sanderson ◽  
Anne L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Somatic Antigen ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Dose Dependent

A study was made of the cellular and humoral aspects of the immune response of the rabbit to the somatic polysaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis. The response to a single intravenous injection was characterized by the appearance of elevated titers of bactericidal antibody between 2 and 3 days later. The maximum titer was dose-dependent and occurred between 5 and 7 days, thereafter declining rapidly during the first month. The significant stabilized levels which then persisted for at least 1 year were also dose-dependent. Most of the antibody produced (>99 per cent) was associated with the macroglobulin fraction of serum. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) elaborating antibody specific for this somatic antigen were detected and enumerated by the technique of localized hemolysis in gel employing polysaccharide-coated sheep erythrocytes. Significant numbers of PFC were encountered in the spleen as early as 14 to 18 hours after a single intravenous injection of antigen; after 36 hours the number of PFC rose rapidly and culminated in a maximum population at 5 days, followed by a rapid decline and plateau similar to that for circulating antibody. The spleen was the principal organ involved in the systemic response, but other lymphoid tissues including bone marrow, peripheral blood leucocytes, and thymus contributed significantly. After an interval of 3 months the effect on humoral antibody titers of a second injection of antigen was dependent on the amount of polysaccharide administered; markedly greater titers were now obtained with 0.02 to 0.002 µg, whereas 0.2 to 20 µg resulted in a duplication of the initial humoral response. The cellular response to a second dose of 5 µg was accelerated; larger numbers of PFC appeared more rapidly, attained a maximum population by day 3, and exceeded the primary response by a factor of two. This acceleration in the attainment of maximum numbers of PFC and the increased bactericidal antibody titers following a second injection of limiting amounts of antigen suggest that these somatic polysaccharides may in fact evoke a "secondary" type of response in the rabbit.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1921 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Gustav I. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with three large doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine confers on them a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia. 2. The intravenous inoculation of small doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine also confers complete immunity against the homologous type of pneumonia. 3. Specific protective bodies may or may not be present in the serum of monkeys vaccinated against Pneumococcus Type I. There appears to be no intimate relation between active immunity against pneumonia and the presence or absence of protective substances in the serum of the vaccinated animal.

scholarly journals CHEMOIMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus Type I has been chemically isolated from the bacterial cells and from autolyzed cultures as an acetyl polysaccharide. So far as could be determined by the methods employed, the acetyl polysaccharide in highly purified form absorbs from Type I antipneumococcus serum all demonstrable type-specific precipitins, agglutinins and protective antibodies. Mice injected intraperitoneally with minute quantities of the acetyl polysaccharide develop active immunity to subsequent infection with Pneumococcus Type I. The immunity thus induced is type-specific. In several instances purpura has been observed in mice following the injection of larger amounts of the acetyl polysaccharide. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no type-specific precipitins, agglutinins or protective antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of rabbits following repeated intravenous injections of the Type I acetyl polysaccharide. The treated rabbits were not immune to subsequent infection with Pnemnococcus Type I. The acetyl polysaccharide is readily converted into its deacetylated derivative by treatment with dilute alkali. The chemical and immunological properties of the deacetylated polysaccharide are identical with those of the soluble specific substance in the chemical form in which it was originally isolated; the deacetylated form of the specific carbohydrate is non-antigenic, does not produce purpura in mice, and only incompletely absorbs the type-specific antibodies from Type I antipneumococcus serum. The immunological significance of the acetyl polysaccharide and its possible relationship to the specific substances isolated from Pneumococcus Type I by other workers are discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Relative Term ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Slight Elevation ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous injection of small doses of living virulent Pneumococcus Type I stimulates in monkeys a degree of active immunity sufficient to protect them against experimental pneumococcus pneumonia of homologous type. 2. The subcutaneous injection of living avirulent Pneumococcus Type I, if administered in a sufficiently large dose, likewise renders the monkey immune to a subsequent pneumonia of homologous type. 3. Vaccination of monkeys with small doses of living virulent pneumococci may or may not be followed by a severe constitutional reaction, depending on the natural resistance of the individual. The severe reactions are caused by the development of a pneumococcus septicemia. which is either temporary, or leads to a fatal termination. The mild reactions are not accompanied by septicemia, and there are no symptoms other than a slight elevation of temperature and moderate leucocytosis. Vaccination with living avirulent pneumococci does not induce severe reactions and is not accompanied by pneumococcus septicemia. 4. Active immunity against pneumococcus pneumonia, produced by vaccination with living pneumococci, appears to be largely independent of the presence or absence of agglutinins and protective bodies in the serum of the monkey. 5. Vaccination with living cultures of Pneumococcus Type I confers against other types of pneumococci a certain amount of cross-immunity which, however, varies considerably with the individual monkey. 6. immunity against pneumococcus, like other forms of immunity, is a relative term, and depends upon the capacity of the individual for antibody production, the virulence of the invading microorganism, and the size of the dose injected.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. In experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia in monkeys the intravenous injection of Type I antipneumococcus serum exercises a specific therapeutic effect, frees the blood promptly and permanently from pneumococci, shortens the course of the disease, and greatly moderates its severity. Of five monkeys inoculated intratracheally with lethal doses of Pneumococcus Type I, all developed pneumonia, and all recovered following the administration of Type I antipneumococcus serum, while the controls died. 2. The earlier the serum is administered the shorter and less severe the pneumonia. Frequent injections are also an important factor in obtaining favorable results. When serum treatment is instituted late in the disease, the injections must usually be continued over a longer period of time in order to achieve success. 3. Normal horse serum exerts no beneficial effect whatever in experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulins and C3 in the P. brasiliensis granuloma

1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian M. V. Biagioni ◽  
Sonia Orsi ◽  
Luiz G. Chamma ◽  
Terue Sadatsune ◽  
Marcello Frango
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Mononuclear Cell ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Immunodiffusion Test ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

The experimental model of paracoccidioidomycosis induced in mice by the intravenous injection of yeast-forms of P. brasiliensis (Bt2 strain; 1 x 10(6) viable fungi/animal) was used to evaluate sequentially 2, 4, 8, 16 and 20 weeks after inoculation: 1. The presence of immunoglobulins and C3 in the pulmonary granuloma-ta, by direct immunofluorescence; 2. The humoral (immunodiffusion test) and the cellular (footpad sweeling test) immune response; 3. The histopathology of lesions. The cell-immune response was positive since week 2, showing a transitory depression at week 16. Specific antibodies were first detected at week 4 and peaked at week 16. At histology, epithelioid granulomas with numerous fungi and polymorphonuclear agreggates were seen. The lungs showed progressive involvement up to week 16, with little decrease at week 20. From week 2 on, there were deposits of IgG and C3 around fungal walls within the granulomas and IgG stained cells among the mononuclear cell peripheral halo. Interstitital immunoglobulins and C3 deposits in the granulomas were not letected. IgG and C3 seen to play an early an important role in. the host defenses against P. brasiliensis by possibly cooperating in the killing of parasites and blocking the antigenic diffusion.

RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF GROWTH HORMONE FROM THE PLASMA OF RATS AFTER A SINGLE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

1955 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. Gemzell ◽  
Frank Heijkenskjöld ◽  
Lars Ström
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection
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