scholarly journals REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
High Titre ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Derivatives Of

1. Injection of suspensions of heat-killed pneumococci into the skin of rabbits is followed by an active immunity which is effective against intravenous infection by homologous and heterologous types of Pneumococcus. 2. This form of active immunity may be induced by the injection of S or R strains of Pneumococcus. 3. Intracutaneous immunization with soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus does not induce active immunity to infection. 4. The sera of seventy-nine per cent of the rabbits immunized to Type I Pneumococcus by intracutaneous injections afforded no protection to mice against infection with pneumococci. 5. None of the sera of rabbits intracutaneously immunized to the type-specific Type III (S) pneumococci, to R cells, or to soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus protected white mice against infection. 6. The sera of rabbits immunized first intracutaneously and subsequently intravenously possess a high titre of protective antibodies. 7. It may be concluded that when type-specific pneumococci are injected into the skin they lose the property of stimulating an active immunity of a specific type and of stimulating the production of type-specific antibodies, but they act just as do the degraded or R forms, causing the animals to become resistant to infection with pneumococci of all types without the development of any type-specific antibodies in the serum.

scholarly journals CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Virulent Type ◽  
Protective Antibodies

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum. 2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci. 3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection. 4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single component of the pneumococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.

scholarly journals SOME ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF B. SUBTILIS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. G. Wyckoff ◽  
Adrian L. Ter Louw
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Virulent Type ◽  
Protective Antibodies

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum. 2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci. 3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection. 4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single compo of the pneu mococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.

scholarly journals REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
High Titre ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Form Type

1. Sixty rabbits were immunized by the repeated injections into the skin of small doses of suspensions of heat-killed Type I pneumococci. In 53 of the rabbits no type-specific antibodies appeared in the serum, and in the remaining seven the titre of these antibodies in the serum was very low. In all cases, however, the sera possessed a high titre of species-specific antibodies. 2. Forty-five rabbits similarly immunized by injections of heat-killed Type III pneumococci also failed to form type-specific antibodies but did form species-specific antibodies. 3. Suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci and solutions of bacterial substances when injected into the skin stimulated the production of species-specific antibodies, although they failed to stimulate the production of any type-specific antibodies. 4. Animals which had been immunized by intracutaneous injections still possessed the ability to form type-specific antibodies when they were subsequently given intravenous inoculations of type-specific pneumococci.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PRODUCTS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Finland ◽  
W. D. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products. The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types. A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types. A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree. Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS IN RABBITS

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Curnen ◽  
Colin M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Sulfapyridine, administered to rabbits during the period of developing immunity after a single intravenous injection of heat-killed Pneumococcus Type I, exerted no influence upon the immune response. 2. Active immunity as indicated by increased resistance to homologous intradermal infection was present 48 hours after the immunizing injection and 2 days before circulating type specific antibodies were detectable. 3. Of the serological techniques employed for the detection of circulating antibody the mouse protective test yielded the highest percentage of positive results followed in order by tests for type specific agglutinins and precipitins, the latter being least satisfactory for the detection of small amounts of antibody.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III)

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Tillett
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Type I ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Active Immunity

1. Immunization of rabbits with Type III pneumococci is effective in producing active immunity against infection with a virulent strain of the homologous organism. 2. Immunization of rabbits with Type I or II pneumococci, and with R forms derived from any of the fixed types, is equally effective in producing active immunity against Type III infection. 3. Immunization of rabbits with nucleoprotein or with desoxycholate solutions of heterologous pneumococci, under the experimental conditions described, appears to be ineffective in producing active immunity against Type III infection.

scholarly journals ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II AND III AND THE NORMAL VARIATION IN RESISTANCE TO THESE TYPES AMONG RATS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Ross
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Partial Immunity

1. Considerable variation in the resistance of different rats toward Type II pneumococcus has been demonstrated. In general, older rats survive much greater doses than young ones, illustrating the acquisition of a natural partial immunity. The same is true for Type III but the immunity appears somewhat later in life and does not reach the same height. 2. An active immunity can be created against Types II and III in rats by feeding the dead organisms or the Berkefeld filtrate of the bile salt-dissolved cells. This immunity resembles that obtained against Type I in several respects.

scholarly journals CHEMOIMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus Type I has been chemically isolated from the bacterial cells and from autolyzed cultures as an acetyl polysaccharide. So far as could be determined by the methods employed, the acetyl polysaccharide in highly purified form absorbs from Type I antipneumococcus serum all demonstrable type-specific precipitins, agglutinins and protective antibodies. Mice injected intraperitoneally with minute quantities of the acetyl polysaccharide develop active immunity to subsequent infection with Pneumococcus Type I. The immunity thus induced is type-specific. In several instances purpura has been observed in mice following the injection of larger amounts of the acetyl polysaccharide. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no type-specific precipitins, agglutinins or protective antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of rabbits following repeated intravenous injections of the Type I acetyl polysaccharide. The treated rabbits were not immune to subsequent infection with Pnemnococcus Type I. The acetyl polysaccharide is readily converted into its deacetylated derivative by treatment with dilute alkali. The chemical and immunological properties of the deacetylated polysaccharide are identical with those of the soluble specific substance in the chemical form in which it was originally isolated; the deacetylated form of the specific carbohydrate is non-antigenic, does not produce purpura in mice, and only incompletely absorbs the type-specific antibodies from Type I antipneumococcus serum. The immunological significance of the acetyl polysaccharide and its possible relationship to the specific substances isolated from Pneumococcus Type I by other workers are discussed.

scholarly journals ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC IMMUNITY REACTIONS IN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Sutliff ◽  
Maxwell Finland
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii

1. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood in human beings has been shown to vary with age. The age distribution of other type-specific antibodies varies similarly, insofar as they are frequent enough to be compared or technically demonstrable. 2. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood for Type I, Type II, and Type III differs. Type I is the rarest, Type II is the most frequent, and Type III is of intermediate frequency. The type-specific antibodies responsible for the other tests employed show a similar relative frequency in regard to Types I and II, but some variation in regard to Type III. 3. The skin reactions to the acetic acid-predpitable proteins and autolysates of the pneumococci are negative or rarely positive in infants, infrequently positive in childhood, and positive in a high percentage of adults.

Methionine-Specific Staining of Collagen

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
E.M. Kuhn ◽  
K.D. Marenus ◽  
M. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Fibers composed of different types of collagen cannot be differentiated by conventional electron microscopic stains. We are developing staining procedures aimed at identifying collagen fibers of different types.Pt(Gly-L-Met)Cl binds specifically to sulfur-containing amino acids. Different collagens have methionine (met) residues at somewhat different positions. A good correspondence has been reported between known met positions and Pt(GLM) bands in rat Type I SLS (collagen aggregates in which molecules lie adjacent to each other in exact register). We have confirmed this relationship in Type III collagen SLS (Fig. 1).

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