scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1921 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Gustav I. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with three large doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine confers on them a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia. 2. The intravenous inoculation of small doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine also confers complete immunity against the homologous type of pneumonia. 3. Specific protective bodies may or may not be present in the serum of monkeys vaccinated against Pneumococcus Type I. There appears to be no intimate relation between active immunity against pneumonia and the presence or absence of protective substances in the serum of the vaccinated animal.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Relative Term ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Slight Elevation ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous injection of small doses of living virulent Pneumococcus Type I stimulates in monkeys a degree of active immunity sufficient to protect them against experimental pneumococcus pneumonia of homologous type. 2. The subcutaneous injection of living avirulent Pneumococcus Type I, if administered in a sufficiently large dose, likewise renders the monkey immune to a subsequent pneumonia of homologous type. 3. Vaccination of monkeys with small doses of living virulent pneumococci may or may not be followed by a severe constitutional reaction, depending on the natural resistance of the individual. The severe reactions are caused by the development of a pneumococcus septicemia. which is either temporary, or leads to a fatal termination. The mild reactions are not accompanied by septicemia, and there are no symptoms other than a slight elevation of temperature and moderate leucocytosis. Vaccination with living avirulent pneumococci does not induce severe reactions and is not accompanied by pneumococcus septicemia. 4. Active immunity against pneumococcus pneumonia, produced by vaccination with living pneumococci, appears to be largely independent of the presence or absence of agglutinins and protective bodies in the serum of the monkey. 5. Vaccination with living cultures of Pneumococcus Type I confers against other types of pneumococci a certain amount of cross-immunity which, however, varies considerably with the individual monkey. 6. immunity against pneumococcus, like other forms of immunity, is a relative term, and depends upon the capacity of the individual for antibody production, the virulence of the invading microorganism, and the size of the dose injected.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS IN RABBITS

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Curnen ◽  
Colin M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Sulfapyridine, administered to rabbits during the period of developing immunity after a single intravenous injection of heat-killed Pneumococcus Type I, exerted no influence upon the immune response. 2. Active immunity as indicated by increased resistance to homologous intradermal infection was present 48 hours after the immunizing injection and 2 days before circulating type specific antibodies were detectable. 3. Of the serological techniques employed for the detection of circulating antibody the mouse protective test yielded the highest percentage of positive results followed in order by tests for type specific agglutinins and precipitins, the latter being least satisfactory for the detection of small amounts of antibody.

DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FIVE HOURS AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I IN GUINEA PIGS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (6) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris S. Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The inoculation of guinea pigs with pneumococci Type I intraperitoneally resulted in the development of homologous agglutinating antibodies, which were detected in the sera as early as five hours after inoculation. The early appearance of active immunity, and the attainment of a sufficient titer, would appear to govern survival to a fatal homologous re-infecting dose of the organism.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with Pneumococcus Type I vaccine in doses comparable with those employed in man does not protect them against subsequent attacks of Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia, either spontaneous or experimental. Furthermore, the occurrence of Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia among monkeys that have been vaccinated with Pneumococcus Type I lipovaccine indicates that the vaccinated animals develop no cross-protection against other types of pneumonia. 2. Vaccination does, however, modify the course of the disease. Invasion of the blood stream by the pneumococcus in vaccinated animals is usually slight, and the proportion of recoveries is considerably higher for vaccinated than for unvaccinated monkeys. 3. Pneumococcus saline vaccine produces a greater amount of protective substance in the serum of the vaccinated animal than does pneumococcus lipovaccine and is probably, therefore, a better antigen. Both, however, fail to protect the animal against pneumococcus pneumonia. 4. Subcutaneous vaccination with pneumococcus vaccine gives definite protection against experimental pneumococcus septicemia. In other words, vaccination may induce a humoral immunity without protecting against intratracheal infection. 5. In view of the fact that monkeys are highly susceptible to pneumococcus infection, a strict analogy cannot be drawn between pneumococcus immunity in monkeys and pneumococcus immunity in man, since in the latter a considerable amount of resistance already exists, probably by reason of repeated exposure to pneumococcus infection.

scholarly journals CHEMOIMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus Type I has been chemically isolated from the bacterial cells and from autolyzed cultures as an acetyl polysaccharide. So far as could be determined by the methods employed, the acetyl polysaccharide in highly purified form absorbs from Type I antipneumococcus serum all demonstrable type-specific precipitins, agglutinins and protective antibodies. Mice injected intraperitoneally with minute quantities of the acetyl polysaccharide develop active immunity to subsequent infection with Pneumococcus Type I. The immunity thus induced is type-specific. In several instances purpura has been observed in mice following the injection of larger amounts of the acetyl polysaccharide. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no type-specific precipitins, agglutinins or protective antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of rabbits following repeated intravenous injections of the Type I acetyl polysaccharide. The treated rabbits were not immune to subsequent infection with Pnemnococcus Type I. The acetyl polysaccharide is readily converted into its deacetylated derivative by treatment with dilute alkali. The chemical and immunological properties of the deacetylated polysaccharide are identical with those of the soluble specific substance in the chemical form in which it was originally isolated; the deacetylated form of the specific carbohydrate is non-antigenic, does not produce purpura in mice, and only incompletely absorbs the type-specific antibodies from Type I antipneumococcus serum. The immunological significance of the acetyl polysaccharide and its possible relationship to the specific substances isolated from Pneumococcus Type I by other workers are discussed.

scholarly journals FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvan L. Barach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intact Cell ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
The Common ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The antigenic function of a pneumococcus vaccine made from the intact cell was compared with that derived fron a watery extract of the cell free from formed elements. In each instance, the immunity produced was dependent upon type-specific protective substance and not upon the elaboration of the common protein antibody. 2. The vaccine made from the intact cell resulted in both active and passive immunity which began on the 3rd day, increased markedly to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. In the case of the Berkefeld filtrate of the shaken bacteria and the filtrate of the broth culture, the immunity began on the 4th day, increased to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. The immunity produced by Pneumococcus Type I vaccine is greater than that produced by Type II. On the 3rd day, mice vaccinated with Type I vaccine resisted 100,000 minimal lethal doses, whereas mice immunized with Type II resisted 10,000 minimal lethal doses. On the 5th day, a larger percentage of mice survived these doses than on the 3rd day. 3. Certain factors related to the preparation and dosage of the vaccine are discussed. 4. As far as the time interval and the degree of immunity produced are concerned, these results suggest the possibility of employing pneumococcus vaccine in suitable doses in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. That an earlier activity of the immunity mechanism could actually be initiated in a patient with lobar pneumonia has still to be demonstrated.

Immunization of Guineapigs against Ascaris suum

1960 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 347-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Taffs
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Group I ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Control Group Group

It has been shown that guineapigs can be effectively protected against re-infection by the subcutaneous inoculation of embryonated Ascaris eggs (Soulsby, 1957). The purpose of this communication is to report a successful attempt to immunize guineapigs against a lethal oral challenge dose of eggs by the intravenous inoculation of third stage larvae of A. suum.Three groups, each containing nine guineapigs, were infected with Ascaris as follows: Group I was given 10,000 eggs by mouth. Group II Was inoculated intravenously with 2,000 third stage Ascaris larvae which had been obtained from the lungs of other guineapigs on the sixth day of infection. Both groups were challenged at the same time with 250,000 eggs by mouth, along with a control group (Group III) which had no previous infection. The guineapigs in Group I were re-infected after 18 days and those in Group II after 12 days.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valy Menkin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mechanical Obstruction ◽  
Cutaneous Inflammation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

Trypan blue injected into an area of cutaneous inflammation induced by Staphylococcus aureus failed to drain readily to the tributary lymphatics when the dye was injected as early as 1 hour after the inoculation of the microorganisms. Trypan blue introduced into an area of cutaneous inflammation induced by Pneumococcus Type I was retained in situ when the dye was injected about 6 or more hours after the inoculation of the bacteria. When an area of cutaneous inflammation was induced by the inoculation of a culture of Streptococcus hemolyticus, trypan blue injected into it drained readily to the tributary lymphatics for the first 30 hours following the onset of the inflammatory reaction. When the inflammation had lasted for 45 hours or longer, the dye was fixed in situ and failed in most instances to reach readily the tributary lymphatics. The rapidity of fixation of the dye in the instances given would appear to depend on mechanical obstruction in the form of both a fibrinous network and thrombosed lymphatics or thrombosed lymphatics alone at the site of inflammation. Inasmuch as staphylococci, pneumococci, and streptococci spread from the site of cutaneous inoculation primarily through lymphatic channels, the difference in the rapidity with which mechanical obstruction is set up in the areas inflamed by them will help to explain the differing invasive abilities of these pyogenic organisms.

Central stimulatory effect of leptin on T3production is mediated by brown adipose tissue type II deiodinase

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (5) ◽  
pp. E980-E987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Cettour-Rose ◽  
Albert G. Burger ◽  
Christoph A. Meier ◽  
Theo J. Visser ◽  
Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Food Consumed

To assess whether intracerebroventricular leptin administration affects monodeiodinase type II (D2) activity in the tissues where it is expressed [cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary, and brown adipose tissue (BAT)], hepatic monodeiodinase type I (D1) activity was inhibited with propylthiouracil (PTU), and small doses of thyroxine (T4; 0.6 nmol · 100 g body wt−1 · day−1) were supplemented to compensate for the PTU-induced hypothyroidism. Two groups of rats were infused with leptin for 6 days, one of them being additionally treated with reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), an inhibitor of D2. Control rats were infused with vehicle and pair-fed the amount of food consumed by leptin-infused animals. Central leptin administration produced marked increases in D2 mRNA expression and activity in BAT, changes that were likely responsible for increased plasma T3 and decreased plasma T4 levels. Indeed, plasma T3 and T4 concentrations were unaltered by central leptin administration in the presence of rT3. The additional observation of a leptin-induced increased mRNA expression of BAT uncoupling protein-1 suggested that the effect on BAT D2 may be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.

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