DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FIVE HOURS AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I IN GUINEA PIGS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (6) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris S. Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The inoculation of guinea pigs with pneumococci Type I intraperitoneally resulted in the development of homologous agglutinating antibodies, which were detected in the sera as early as five hours after inoculation. The early appearance of active immunity, and the attainment of a sufficient titer, would appear to govern survival to a fatal homologous re-infecting dose of the organism.

scholarly journals THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Mackenzie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Derivatives Of

1. Intraperitoneal injections of killed and living broth cultures of a virulent pneumococcus produce in guinea pigs a high degree of active immunity and a serum with strong protective power. 2. Despite the protective power of such serum no agglutinins for the homologous organism and no precipitins for soluble derivatives were demonstrable. 3. Guinea pig immunity to pneumococcus infection produced by the method described is not attended by cutaneous allergy to derivatives of the pneumococcus used for immunization. 4. During the course of an artificially produced active immunity, anaphylaxis may at times be present and at times absent without any measurable effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection by intraperitoneal injection. 5. In the particular instance studied, the experiments indicate that anaphylaxis to pneumococcus protein has no important effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection. It appears to be a concomitant without any significant rôle in the immunity mechanism.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS IN RABBITS

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Curnen ◽  
Colin M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Sulfapyridine, administered to rabbits during the period of developing immunity after a single intravenous injection of heat-killed Pneumococcus Type I, exerted no influence upon the immune response. 2. Active immunity as indicated by increased resistance to homologous intradermal infection was present 48 hours after the immunizing injection and 2 days before circulating type specific antibodies were detectable. 3. Of the serological techniques employed for the detection of circulating antibody the mouse protective test yielded the highest percentage of positive results followed in order by tests for type specific agglutinins and precipitins, the latter being least satisfactory for the detection of small amounts of antibody.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1921 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Gustav I. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with three large doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine confers on them a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia. 2. The intravenous inoculation of small doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine also confers complete immunity against the homologous type of pneumonia. 3. Specific protective bodies may or may not be present in the serum of monkeys vaccinated against Pneumococcus Type I. There appears to be no intimate relation between active immunity against pneumonia and the presence or absence of protective substances in the serum of the vaccinated animal.

scholarly journals CHEMOIMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus Type I has been chemically isolated from the bacterial cells and from autolyzed cultures as an acetyl polysaccharide. So far as could be determined by the methods employed, the acetyl polysaccharide in highly purified form absorbs from Type I antipneumococcus serum all demonstrable type-specific precipitins, agglutinins and protective antibodies. Mice injected intraperitoneally with minute quantities of the acetyl polysaccharide develop active immunity to subsequent infection with Pneumococcus Type I. The immunity thus induced is type-specific. In several instances purpura has been observed in mice following the injection of larger amounts of the acetyl polysaccharide. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no type-specific precipitins, agglutinins or protective antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of rabbits following repeated intravenous injections of the Type I acetyl polysaccharide. The treated rabbits were not immune to subsequent infection with Pnemnococcus Type I. The acetyl polysaccharide is readily converted into its deacetylated derivative by treatment with dilute alkali. The chemical and immunological properties of the deacetylated polysaccharide are identical with those of the soluble specific substance in the chemical form in which it was originally isolated; the deacetylated form of the specific carbohydrate is non-antigenic, does not produce purpura in mice, and only incompletely absorbs the type-specific antibodies from Type I antipneumococcus serum. The immunological significance of the acetyl polysaccharide and its possible relationship to the specific substances isolated from Pneumococcus Type I by other workers are discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Relative Term ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Slight Elevation ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The subcutaneous injection of small doses of living virulent Pneumococcus Type I stimulates in monkeys a degree of active immunity sufficient to protect them against experimental pneumococcus pneumonia of homologous type. 2. The subcutaneous injection of living avirulent Pneumococcus Type I, if administered in a sufficiently large dose, likewise renders the monkey immune to a subsequent pneumonia of homologous type. 3. Vaccination of monkeys with small doses of living virulent pneumococci may or may not be followed by a severe constitutional reaction, depending on the natural resistance of the individual. The severe reactions are caused by the development of a pneumococcus septicemia. which is either temporary, or leads to a fatal termination. The mild reactions are not accompanied by septicemia, and there are no symptoms other than a slight elevation of temperature and moderate leucocytosis. Vaccination with living avirulent pneumococci does not induce severe reactions and is not accompanied by pneumococcus septicemia. 4. Active immunity against pneumococcus pneumonia, produced by vaccination with living pneumococci, appears to be largely independent of the presence or absence of agglutinins and protective bodies in the serum of the monkey. 5. Vaccination with living cultures of Pneumococcus Type I confers against other types of pneumococci a certain amount of cross-immunity which, however, varies considerably with the individual monkey. 6. immunity against pneumococcus, like other forms of immunity, is a relative term, and depends upon the capacity of the individual for antibody production, the virulence of the invading microorganism, and the size of the dose injected.

scholarly journals THE RÔLE OF THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Ross
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sodium Glycocholate ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Feeding the purified soluble specific substance of Type I pneumococcus protects rats against an intraperitoneal injection of the virulent organism. 2. This increased resistance resembles that obtained when the intact (dead) or dissolved bacteria are fed, as follows: (a) one feeding is sufficient, (b) the interval between the feeding and the appearance of the immunity is the same, (c) the duration is approximately the same, (d) when the immunity is exhausted it can be renewed by a new feeding, (e) the immunizing action is type-specific. 3. The differences between the effects of feeding the purified specific substance and the intact or dissolved organism to rats, appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative, the proportion of animals protected and the height of the immunity being generally, though not always, less in the case of the former. 4. In contrast to the immunizing action which the soluble specific substance possesses when administered to rats, feeding it to mice failed to protect them. Neither were mice definitely immunized by parenteral administration. 5. A sodium glycocholate solution of Pneumococcus Type I lost part of its immunizing activity on standing for 1 year. 6. The failure to immunize mice and the loss of activity of the bile salt solution of pneumococcus, on standing, are discussed in terms of (a) the possible presence of a second cell constituent which is active by mouth, and (b) a possible intramolecular change in the type-specific polysaccharide associated with a loss of immunizing action while retaining the precipitin reaction.

scholarly journals FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvan L. Barach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intact Cell ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
The Common ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The antigenic function of a pneumococcus vaccine made from the intact cell was compared with that derived fron a watery extract of the cell free from formed elements. In each instance, the immunity produced was dependent upon type-specific protective substance and not upon the elaboration of the common protein antibody. 2. The vaccine made from the intact cell resulted in both active and passive immunity which began on the 3rd day, increased markedly to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. In the case of the Berkefeld filtrate of the shaken bacteria and the filtrate of the broth culture, the immunity began on the 4th day, increased to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. The immunity produced by Pneumococcus Type I vaccine is greater than that produced by Type II. On the 3rd day, mice vaccinated with Type I vaccine resisted 100,000 minimal lethal doses, whereas mice immunized with Type II resisted 10,000 minimal lethal doses. On the 5th day, a larger percentage of mice survived these doses than on the 3rd day. 3. Certain factors related to the preparation and dosage of the vaccine are discussed. 4. As far as the time interval and the degree of immunity produced are concerned, these results suggest the possibility of employing pneumococcus vaccine in suitable doses in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. That an earlier activity of the immunity mechanism could actually be initiated in a patient with lobar pneumonia has still to be demonstrated.

Extent of Specific to Nonspecific Resistance in Mice: Parenteral Versus Aerosol Challenge

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Roberta J. Hackett ◽  
Stanley Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Significant Prolongation

Quantitative data were gathered concerning the extent of resistance induced in mice immunized by specific and nonspecific means and subsequently challenged both parenterally and by aerosol. Animals were immunized specifically by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of Formalin-killed Klebsiella pneumoniae type I, which was also employed as a challenge organism. The intraperitoneal ld 50 was 30 bacilli. Nonspecific resistance was induced by injection of a Boivin preparation of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. Nonspecific resistance was highest 24 hr after injection of 10 μg of endotoxin. At this time, more than half of the mice survived challenge with 10 2 but not with 10 3 ld 50 . Specifically immunized mice were resistant to as much as 10 5 ld 50 , depending upon the route of immunization. Potency ratios for parenteral challenge were: nonspecific to normal, 100; specific to normal, 10 4 to 10 5 ; specific to nonspecific, 10 2 to 10 3 . Employing aerosol challenge, specific immunization protected in the ld 100 range; nonspecifically immunized animals showed significant prolongation of survival time, but the 30-day mortality was similar to the control group.

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