scholarly journals Immunoferritin determination of the distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of renal convoluted tubules. I. Distal segment.

1976 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kyte
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
Canine Kidney

The distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of distal convoluted tubules from canine kidney has been determined. This enzyme is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ and K+ across animal cell membranes. Ultrathin frozen sections were cut from fragments of renal cortex and specifically stained with antibodies, which recognize antigenic sites on the enzyme, and ferritin-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma-globulins. It is demonstrated that (Na+ + K+) ATPase is distributed uniformly and at high concentration over the plasma membranes which form the intercellular spaces of this epithelium. The enzyme is located on the luminal surface of the tubules as well but at a much lower concentration. These results, in combination with those of previous determinations of the cation fluxes across this epithelium, can be used to formulate a complete description of the cation movements through this tissue.

scholarly journals Immunoferritin determination of the distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of renal convoluted tubules. II. Proximal segment.

1976 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kyte
Keyword(s):  
Brush Border ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Isotonic Fluid ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Convoluted Tubules

The distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of the proximal convoluted tubule from canine renal cortex has been determined. Ultrathin frozen sections of this tissue were stained with rabbit antibodies to this enzyme and ferritin-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma-globulin. It is demonstrated that high concentrations of this enzyme uniformly line the intercellular spaces of this epithelium. The consequences of this observation are discussed in terms of the low resistant tight junctions of these tubules and the isotonic fluid transport which they support. Furthermore, antibodies to (Na+ + K+) ATPase recognize an antigen on the luminal surfaces of the tubules within the brush border. It is proposed that the enzyme is present in this region of the plasma membrane as well, although at much lower concentration. To further substantiate this conclusion, a brush border fraction has been purified from rabbit kidney and been shown to contain significant (Na+ + K+) ATPase. These results contradict earlier conclusions about the location of (Na+ + K+) ATPase in this tissue.

Concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate within the distal segment of squid photoreceptors

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ete Z. Szuts
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate ◽  
Enzyme Cascade ◽  
Invertebrate Phototransduction

AbstractAlthough inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) is a key substance in phototransduction of invertebrate photoreceptors, its intracellular concentration remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to assay its concentration and the concentration of its precursor, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PtdInsP2), within squid photoreceptors. Rhabdomeric membranes were purified and their PtdInsP2 content measured with a phosphate assay after the extracted phospholipids were deacylated and separated by ion-exchange chromatography. At least 75% of the total PtdInsP2 found in the retinal homogenate was associated with the plasma membranes of the rhabdomeric microvilli, where PtdInsP2 was 3.1 ± 0.7% of the total phospholipids, a level comparable to values published for rat brain. In terms of rhodopsin, microvillar membranes contained 3.7 ± 0.9 mol PtdInsP2/mol rho. The InsP3 content of living retinas was measured with a radioreceptor assay. The basal content of dark-adapted retinas was 0.15 ± 0.05 InsP3/rho, equivalent to 30 ± 9 nmol/g tissue that is about twice that of rat brains. Flash illumination (≈lms in duration) that photoactivated 1% of rhodopsin increased the level about fivefold to 0.68 ± 0.22 lnsP3/rho. Corresponding decrease in PtdInsP2 was undetectable as it was within measurement errors. For PtdInsP2, the measured content corresponds to 5.6 ± 1.4 mM within the volume of rhabdomere. Maximal light-induced concentration of InsP3 is calculated to be 1.2 ± 0.4 mM within the cytoplasm of the distal segment. Each photoactivated rhodopsin leads to the formation of 500 InsP3 molecules when measured 15 s after the flash. Thus, high concentration of InsP3 in these cells is primarily due to restricted intracellular volumes rather than to high amplification by the enzyme cascade. The InsP3 concentration within squid photoreceptors is the highest yet reported for any transducing cell and may indicate the involvement of relatively low affinity receptors or channels during invertebrate phototransduction.

scholarly journals Mechanism Development of Diabetic Microangiopathy and Opportunity of Diabetic Warning

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Genyk
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Diabetic Microangiopathy ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Endocrine Diseases ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
The People ◽  
Excessive Body Weight

Specific general defeat of arteriols, capillaries and veins at a diabet mellitus consists in the bulge of basale membrane of shallow vessels, laying of glycoproteins in a wall and proliferation of endothelium. A hyperglycaemia results in increasing of blood plasma, membranes and cages of level of free radicals on a background insufficiency of enzymes of the protective antioxidant system. Determination of the state insulin tolerance to the people with excessive body weight and obesity, by a hyperpiesis, problems with the lack of fats, by a gout and other endocrine diseases already on the stage of credible violation of carbohydrate exchange gives an opportunity in good time to conduct the correction of possible defeats of microvasculature toxic action of high concentration of glucose.

scholarly journals An immunohistochemical study of aspartate, glutamate, and taurine in rat kidney.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Ma ◽  
E Aoki ◽  
R Semba
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Loop Of Henle ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Collecting Tubules ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
Thin Portion ◽  
Intrarenal Distribution

Biochemical studies have revealed considerable amounts of free amino acids in the kidney. We examined the intrarenal distribution of three amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, and taurine) in the rat kidney with an immunoperoxidase method. In the renal cortex, all three amino acids were concentrated in the renal corpuscles and in the epithelia of the collecting tubules. Immunostaining of the collecting tubules was more intense in the principal cells than in the intercalated cells. The distal convoluted tubules were also immunostained with aspartate- and glutamate- specific antibodies but not with the taurine-specific antibody. In the renal medulla, the immunoreactivity specific for aspartate and for glutamate was similar; it was weak in the thick portion of the loop of Henle and strong in the collecting tubules. Immunoreactivity specific for taurine was restricted to regions within the epithelia of the thin portion of the loop of Henle and the collecting tubules. The significance of the accumulated amino acids as osmoregulatory agents is discussed.

Measurement of Intrarenal Blood-Flow Distribution in the Rabbit Using Radioactive Microspheres

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Warren ◽  
J. G. G. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Radioactive Microspheres ◽  
Injection Dose ◽  
Intrarenal Blood Flow ◽  
Total Renal Blood Flow

1. Total renal blood flow and its distribution within the renal cortex of the conscious rabbit were studied with radioactive microspheres of 15 and 25 μm diameter. 2. The reliability of the microsphere technique was influenced by microsphere diameter and number (dose). The optimum microsphere diameter for determination of flow distribution in the rabbit kidney was 15 μm and dose 100–150 000 spheres. 3. Spheres of 15 μm nominal diameter were randomly distributed within the renal cortex of adult rabbits. The larger spheres in batches nominally 15 μm in diameter in young rabbits and 25 μm diameter in adult rabbits were preferentially distributed to the superficial cortex. 4. In adult rabbits 15 μm diameter spheres lodged in glomerular capillaries. Larger spheres occasionally lodged in interlobular arteries causing intrarenal haemorrhage. 5. Microspheres of 15 μm caused a decrease in renal clearance of creatinine and of p-aminohippurate when the total injection dose was about 200 000 spheres. These effects were greater when the injection dose was increased to 500 000 spheres. 6. The reduction in total renal blood flow observed with large doses of spheres largely reflected decreased outer cortical flow, as measured by a second injection of spheres, and confirmed by a decrease in p-aminohippurate extraction. 7. The reproducibility of multiple injection studies was limited by these intrarenal effects of microspheres. 8. Total renal blood flow measured in six rabbits in acute experiments by the microsphere technique was 107 ± 12 (mean±sd) ml/min and by p-aminohippurate clearance was 100 ± 10 ml/min. 9. Total renal blood flow in twelve conscious, chronically instrumented rabbits was 125 ± 11 ml/min, of which 92 ± 6 ml/min was distributed to the superficial cortex and 33 ± 4 ml/min to the deep cortex.

scholarly journals UPLC-MS/MS Determination of Linezolid and Heme in Plasma of Infected Patients and Correlation Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yingying Wang ◽  
Xuemei Ye ◽  
Qin Lan ◽  
Xiaofang Ke ◽  
Lufeng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Haematological Toxicity ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Early Diagnose ◽  
The Relationship

Linezolid can cause serious haematological toxicity, such as thrombocytopenia and aneamia. Heme, composed of iron and porphyrin, is an important component of hemoglobin. In order to investigate the relationship between the concentration of linezolid and heme in the plasma of infected patients, a UPLC-MS/MS method that can determine the concentrations of linezolid and heme simultaneously was developed and validated. A total of 96 healthy subjects and 81 infected patients, who received blood routine blood tests, were included and determined by the UPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that the concentration of linezolid was 5.08 ± 3.46   μ g / mL in infected patients who were treated with linezolid. The heme in healthy subjects was 7.05 ± 8.68   μ g / mL , and it was significantly decreased to 0.88 ± 0.79   μ g / mL in infected patients ( P < 0.01 ). Spearman correlation analysis showed that linezolid had a high negative correlation with platelet (PLT) ( R = − 0.309 ). Heme had a high positive correlation with hemoglobin (Hb) ( R = 0.249 ) in healthy subjects and infected patients. The ROC analysis showed that heme had diagnostic value to distinguish low Hb (110 g/L). In conclusion, there was a positive correlation between heme and Hb, and this correlation was also observed in infected patients. A high concentration of linezolid was inclined to decrease PLT. Monitoring of heme and linezolid helps in the early diagnose of low Hb and PLT.

scholarly journals A Social Network-Based Examination on Bid Riggers’ Relationships in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of China

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Liang Xiao ◽  
Kunhui Ye ◽  
Junhong Zhou ◽  
Xiaoting Ye ◽  
Ramadhani Said Tekka
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Social ◽  
Network Method ◽  
Solid Foundation

Collusive bidding has been an insidious issue in the construction industry. Bidders initiate collusive networks of various sizes to win market shares. The popularity of collusive bidding networks affects market fairness and erodes the interests of market players. Although considerable research efforts were made to diagnose collusive bidding networks, there remains a gap in knowledge regarding the relationships bid riggers use to engage in the networks. Therefore, this study used the social network method, where two hundred sixteen collusion cases were collected from China to test these relationships. The results show that collusive bidding networks were characterized by sparseness, a small scale, a high concentration, and strong randomness. Three types of collusive bidding networks were also detected: contractual, spontaneous, and shadow. Furthermore, these collusive bidding networks had discrepancies regarding participants’ identities, forms of collusive bids, and the determination of bid winners. It was found that the proposed social network model of deliberating bid riggers’ relationships lays a solid foundation for the detection of collusive bidding in the construction sector.

scholarly journals TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF Cr(III), Cd(II), Pb(II), AND Ag(I) IONS THROUGH BULK LIQUID MEMBRANE CONTAINING p-tert-BUTYLCALIX[4]ARENE–TETRADIETHYLACETAMIDE AS ION CARRIER

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maming Maming ◽  
Jumina Jumina ◽  
Dwi Siswanta ◽  
Hardjono Sastrohamidjojo ◽  
Keisuke Ohto
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Liquid Membrane ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Bulk Liquid Membrane ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Transport Behavior ◽  
Source Phase ◽  
Ion Carrier

The study on the transport behavior of Cr(III), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Ag(I) through bulk liquid membrane using p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetradiethylacetamide as ions carrier has been conducted. The aims of this work are to determine the optimum condition, efficiency, and transport selectivity of the carriers for those ions. Both optimum condition and transport efficiency were obtained by determination of the concentration of transported ions with variation of the source phase pH, ion carrier concentration, the nature of decomplexant agent in the receiving phase, and transport time. The transport selectivity of the ion carrier was obtained from the ions competition transport experiments. The amount of Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ag(I) transported across liquid membrane were 11.6, 25.5, 39.5, and 42.1% respectively. The ion carrier is selective for Cd(II), Pb(II), Ag(I), and strongly depends on the nature of decomplexant agent as well as transport mechanism. The remarkable selectivity was shown by the ion carrier to Ag(I) when the transport process was carry out under high concentration of acid in the source phase.   Keywords: transport, p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetradiethylacetamide, efficiency, selectivity, bulk liquid membrane, heavy metals

Differential growth performance and intestinal immune gene expression in diverse genetic lines of growing chickens fed a high concentration of supplemental phytase

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-264
Author(s):  
S. Q. Jiang ◽  
S. J. Lamont ◽  
M. E. Persia
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Mucin 2 ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Significant Line

AbstractThe objective of the current experiment was to determine the effects of high-concentration phytase (5000 FTU/kg) feeding to diverse lines of chickens fed phosphorus (P) adequate maize–soybean meal diets (4.5 g/kg non-phytate P) on the performance and intestinal immune function. Performance was measured for outbred broiler (Ross 308) and inbred Fayoumi lines over 0–21 days, and duodenum and ileum were harvested for the determination of mucin-2, interleukin (IL)-1βand IgA mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Over the 0–7-day period, there was a significant line × diet interaction, as high phytase supplementation increased broiler average daily gain (ADG), but had no effect on Fayoumi ADG. Treatment of diets with phytase increased expression of the mucin-2 gene in the duodenum mucosa. There were significant interactions between line and age, and line, diet and age on duodenal expression of the IL-1βgene as phytase supplementation of the broiler line reduced IL-1βin comparison to control fed broilers without change in the Fayoumi line. Overall, the addition of a high concentration of phytase to broilers fed adequate concentrations of non-phytate P resulted in improved growth performance early with a reduction in this effect over time. Mucosal mucin-2 expression was increased with high-concentration phytase feeding across both lines, but IL-1βmRNA expression was reduced in the duodenum of broilers fed high concentrations of phytase, suggesting that the increased performance noted might be related to decreased inflammation.

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