Curvularia penniseti. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides

Abstract A description is provided for Curvularia penniseti. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza, Pennisetum, Sorghum, Triticum. Also isolated from Allium, Dolichos and Richardia. DISEASE: Leaf spot of bajra or pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum]), seedling blight of Sorghum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, USA, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne (53, 3004; 59, 4574).

Sclerospora graminicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Sclerospora Graminicola ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerospora graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The two hosts on which this pathogen causes diseases of major economic importance are Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum] (syn. P. americanum) and Setaria italica. Also recorded on Echinochloa crusgalli, E. crusgalli var. fumentacea, Eleusine indica, Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum leonis, Saccharum of ficinarum (by inoculation only), Setaria lutescens, S. magna, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Zea mexicana. The disease is very rare on Zea mays with only two confirmed reports, Melhus & Bliss (1928) in the USA and Kenneth (1966) in Israel. DISEASE: Graminicola downy mildew; green ear of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum]). A biotrophic plant pathogen which invades and colonizes the growing points of young graminaceous plants causing systemic disease. The first leaf to show symptoms is yellowed in the basal portion with a distinct margin between the basal colonized portion and the non colonized distal portion. Leaves formed later show increasing amounts of disease until the entire leaf shows symptoms. Under suitable conditions sporangia form in great profusion on the under surface of the diseased leaf (and, when conditions are favourable, also on the upper surface) forming a conspicuous and characteristic white 'down'. Occasionally discrete local lesions have been observed on otherwise healthy leaves in highly susceptible cultivars in W. Africa. The most distinctive appearance of the disease on pearl millet is, however, the transformation of the inflorescences to vegetative structures with various leaf-like protrusions which vary greatly in size and number from very few on an almost normal inflorescence to complete replacement of the inflorescence by small leafy shoots. As diseased organs mature they become necrotic and often contain oospores within the tissue. In pearl millet the leaves containing oospores do not shred. The areas containing oospores are a deep chocolate brown and usually appear as long stripes down the leaf. On Setaria the symptoms are similar to those observed on pearl millet except that shredding of the leaf tissue containing oospores occurs. In the phase of the disease described above the height of the infected plants differs little from that of healthy plants. Another and less frequent reaction is that the diseased plants are severely stunted, show a yellow mottle, with non-infected parts becoming a much darker green than in healthy plants; few sporangia are produced and no green ears for the plants generally do not head. This reaction is a characteristic response of certain host genotypes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 431, ed. 2, 1979. Note that the pearl millet pathotype has not been reported from the Americas. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection is by oospores which may remain viable for up to 10 years (Nene & Singh, 1976). Later infection comes from sporangia developing on early diseased leaves and spread by wind and rain to newly developed tillers which are produced throughout the growth of the plant (Singh & Williams, 1980). Seed transmission occurs from oospores carried with, and on, seed and there are conflicting reports of transmission from mycelium carried within seed (Williams, 1980).

Tolyposporium penicillariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Sorus Formation

Abstract A description is provided for Tolyposporium penicillariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum] (pearl millet). DISEASE: Pearl millet smut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (widespread), Asia (India, Pakistan, Mesopotamia), U.S.A. (Ga, 42: 382); see CMI Map 150, 1948. TRANSMISSION: Floral infection occurs initially by sporidia from spores in the soil and later by spores from early infected plants. Spikelets are most susceptible before the anthers and stigmas emerge. In experimental infections sorus formation occurs 15 days after inoculation (Ramakrishnan, 1963).

Sclerospora graminicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kenneth
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Sclerospora Graminicola ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Africa South Of Sahara

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerospora graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pennisetum typhoides, Setaria italica, S. viridis (type), and other hosts: (?) Agrostis alba, Echinochloa crusgalli, E. crusgalli var. frumentacea, (?) Eleusine indica, Euchlaena mexicana, Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum leonis, Saccharum officinarum (inoculation), Setaria lutescens, S. mugna, S. verticillata, Zea mays (particularly 'popcorn' but rare in general on maize). Green ear disease of Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum]. DISEASE: 'Graminicola downy mildew' of Gramineae. Symptoms vary according to host, time of their expression and ambient conditions. The disease is entirely systemic in pearl millet, most Setaria spp. and maize, with pallid continuous laciniate areas or stripes on leaf blades, starting at base of any leaf, being latent in plant before that and becoming more extensive on successive leaves; eventually oospores appear in chlorotic areas and leaves of Setaria, but not pearl millet or maize, shred. If symptoms start early, plants are severely stunted and chlorotic and may die: if symptoms are delayed, dwarfing may yet occur; some shoots may escape disease. White down (sporulation) appears on chlorotic areas before dawn if dews occur at night; sporangia are actively ejected and germinate immediately, producing zoospores, or else die within a few hours. Sporangiophores collapse. On maize there is a closed system of stripes on thickened, corrugated, brittle leaves. Tillering is excessive: the spike of pearl millet and occasionally the inflorescences of Setaria spp. and maize may be transformed into leafy growth ('green ear') with oospores within, sometimes with no other symptoms present. In S. magna and S. verticillata, linear chlorotic local lesions form and in S. italica occasionally spot-like lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Widespread (CMI Map 431, ed. 1, 1967; with additions and deletions here). Africa: all West Africa south of Sahara; Niger, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa (all on pearl millet). Asia: Israel (on pearl millet, rarely maize), Iran (on Setaria glauca[Setaria pumila]) Pakistan, Khazakstan (on pearl millet), India (on pearl millet and Setaria spp.), northern China, Manchuria, Korea, Taiwan, Japan (on Setaria spp.). Europe: Spain, Southern France, Switzerland, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, southern Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus (all principally or entirely on Setaria spp.). N. America midwestern and eastern USA, midwestern Canada and Ontario (on Setaria spp., rarely maize and Panicum). Oceania: Hawaii. The record on maize in Bulgaria and Argenlina as well as that on 'grass plots' with Ophiobolus in the Netherlands can undoubtedly be referred to Sclerophthora macrospora. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection is by oospores in soil, which may remain viable a number of years. Transmission by mycelial-infected seed reported (53, 2547) but most seed-borne infection is by oospore infestation. Oospores are still infective after passage through digestive system of cattle. Optimum temp, for infection of Setaria, 20-21°C, min. 12-13°C, max. 30°C. Optimum for sporangium production 25°C, min. c. 10°C (35, 602). Although zoospores from sporangia germinate, they have not been shown to induce infection under natural conditions (45, 3567; Safeeulla, 1970), except for local lesioning in a few species of Setaria, and the disease can be very severe in absence of high humidity and sporulation.

Cochliobolus setariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Leguminous Seeds

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus setariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Setaria italica, Pennisetum typhoides, Panicum fasciculatum, Brachiaria reptans and other cereals. Also isolated from soil and leguminous seeds. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Setaria italica, Cochliobolus setariae blight of brown top millet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Japan, China, Taiwan), Pacific Islands (New Caledonia); North America (USA); South America (Venezuela); Africa (Egypt). TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne spores from infected crops.

Alternaria ricini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Seedling Blight

Abstract A description is provided for Alternaria ricini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ricinus communis. DISEASE: Seedling blight, leaf spot, inflorescence and pod rot of castor. Leaf lesions are irregular in outline, variable in size but often quite large, brown, zonate, with a yellow halo. Defoliation can be extensive. The inflorescence is attacked at any age and eventually develops a sooty appearance as sporulation occurs under high humidity conditions. The capsules can wilt suddenly and become purple dark brown, the seed is poorly filled and may become infected; normal dehiscence fails. Alternatively a sunken area appears on one side of the capsule and eventually covers the whole of it, the seed is fairly well grown and dehiscence is normal. Seedlings which are infected have stunted cotyledons, become spotted and may be killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in E. & W. Africa, S. Asia and S. & E. U.S.A., see CMI Map 345, ed. 2; one additional record is Angola. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne. Infected capsules can give rise to seed which may have the coat, caruncle or endosperm infected. Seeds from such capsules give diseased seedlings. Seed dressings did not completely control the disease (39: 211).

Colletotrichum graminicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
New Hebrides

Abstract A description is provided for Colletotrichum graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Sorghum vulgare[Sorghum bicolor] and its varieties, S. halepensis, Zea, Triticum, Secale and other cultivated and wild genera distributed amongst at least 8 of the 12 tribes of Gramineae (Wilson 1914; Sprague, 1950). Also recorded on lucerne, red clover, soyabean and sweet clover (41: 368; 35: 300; 30: 598). DISEASES: Red stalk rot of internodal stem tissues, anthracnose and red leaf spot, also seedling blight of sorghum. On maize, cereals and other grasses the leaf spot form is most frequently seen, the spots are elliptical to elongated, usually 1-2 cm but occasionally confluent particularly on the midrib, pale orange to blackish purple, the centres greyish with age. Leaf anthracnose and stalk rots are characterized by the reddish discolouration, but pigmentation varies greatly according to host. Root rot is also recorded. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togoland, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (Burma, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand), Europe (Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Rumania); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Cuba, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guyana). TRANSMISSION: Seasonal persistence is on infected crop residues and weed hosts; sporulation has been observed on sorghum stalks and stubble after overwintering in the field (Le Beau et al., 1951). Also seed transmitted (35: 653).

Cochliobolus australiensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Citronella Grass

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus australiensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chloris, Cymbopogon, Cynodon, Hordeum, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Saccharum, Triticum, Zea, on or isolated from a wide variety of dicotyledons, air, soil and plant debris. DISEASE: Leaf blight of citronella grass (61: 2332), leaf spot of bajra (pearl millet 47: 1862, 48: 1229) and seed-borne (55: 1788). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Egypt, India, Iraq, Japan, Kenya, Libya, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds, and air-borne conidia.

Cochliobolus lunatus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Cochliobolus Lunatus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus lunatus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from a very wide range of angiosperms. DISEASE: Curvularia leaf spot, Curvularia seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, especially in the tropics. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia and ascospores. The fungus can survive in the soil in sclerotial form (47, 431).

Tolyposporium penicillariae. [Distribution map].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref. Hosts: Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum]. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, Burma, India, Maharashtra, Iraq, Pakistan, Yemen, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, North America, USA.

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