Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Arrhenatherum elatius. By inoculation strain 705 gave much less severe symptoms on Alopecuruspratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but other grasses tested were not diseased (Egli et al., 1975) Three other strains (711, 719, and 725) gave mild symptoms on Lolium multiflorum, and one (730) gave a slight reaction on Phleum pratense. The reactions on Festuca pratensis and Poa trivialis were negative or negligible (Egli & Schmidt 1982). It is unlikely that the above inoculated hosts would be infected naturally. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of tall oat grass. The symptoms are identical to those caused by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. They are first seen at the heading stage when young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or may die. In some plants poor growth continues and small distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on older leaves along the vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. All of Egli's isolates came from that country and the pathogen has not yet been reported from elsewhere. TRANSMISSION: As with X. campestris pv. graminis transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Phleumpratense. In inoculation tests Egli & Schmidt (1982) found that Phleum alpinum, P. arenarium, P. bertolonii (2 cvs.), P. phleoides and P. pratense (2 cvs.) were all highly susceptible. Lolium multiflorum showed mild symptoms in this test, but none in another. Other grasses, including Festuca pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius and Poa trivalis showed little or, more often, no symptom development. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of timothy grass. The symptoms are the same as those caused by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. Young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or die. In some plants growth continues poorly and small, distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form along the vascular bundles of older leaves, often extending to the sheaths. Bacterial streaming is often visible under the microscope from the cut edges of infected tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Norway (Egli & Schmidt, 1982) and Belgium (61, 6162) are the only reports so far, but the disease is probably more widespread in Europe than this would suggest. TRANSMISSION: As for X. campestris pv. graminis transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery. The possibility of seed transmission should not be overlooked, although this has not been proved.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Heading Stage

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infects Poa trivialis. By artificial inoculation Poafertilis and P. nemoralis are both moderately susceptible, P. annua rather less susceptible, and P. pratensis and P. compressa little or not at all affected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of rough stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis). The symptoms are the same as those produced by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. At the heading stage young leaves are seen to curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or die. Some plants produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic areas form along the vascular bundles of older leaves and often extend into their sheaths. Bacterial streaming is usually visible under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. Probably present but unrecognised in some other european countries. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop the main means of transmission is probably mowing machinery.

scholarly journals Branching of tillers in some grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Leontyna Olszewska ◽  
Maria Wielicka
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

In investigations on the grass regeneration biology a special attention was paid to the formation of aerial tillers and branching pseudostolons in <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L., <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb., <i>Festuca pratensis</i> Huds., <i>Festuca rubra</i> L., <i>Phleum pratense</i> L., <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam., <i>Lolium perenne</i> L., <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> L., <i>Arrhenatherum elatius</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Holcus lanatus</i> L., <i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Avenastrum pubescens</i> (Huds) Opiz and <i>Agrostis alba</i> L. Aerial tillers, vegetative short ones and with partly elongated internodes as well as generative tillers formed in tufted and rhizomatous grasses. Parental raised tillers, on which aerial tillers developed, had the anatomical structure specific for grass stems. In tufted grasses, moreover, parental branching pseudostolons developed; in their cross section the arrangement of tissues specific for stolons was observed. They constituted the starting point for agglomerations of new plants rooting in soil, contrary to raised tillers. In some grass species, beside pendant roots, shorter roots grew at the base of aerial tillers; they surrounded with a ring the parent shoot in the node, thus reinforcing the connection of aerial tillers with the stem. An attention was paid to the favourable role of branching pseudostolons in the sward thickness formation. Conditions of the arrangement of tissues in the stem cross section, owing to which the rhizomatous form is developed, are discussed. The fertilization with compost or the covering with sand results in the formation of tillers resembling pseudorhizomes.

Burkholderia glumae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Seedling Rot ◽  
Degradative Enzymes ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Arundinella Hirta

Abstract A description is provided for Burkholderia glumae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa. Andropogon virginicus, Arundinella hirta, Beckmannia syzigachne, Chloris gayana, Coix lacryma-jobi, Eleusine coracana, E. indica, Eragrotis curvula, E. multicaulis, Lolium multiflorum, Panicum coloratum, P. dichotomiflorum, P. maximum, Paspalum distichum, P. dilatatum, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phleum pratense, Phragmites communis and Setaria viridis var. minor have all been recognised as new hosts (68, 4324). DISEASE: Bacterial grain and seedling rot of rice. The grains rot in the pannicles after 'heading'. Severely diseased pannicles may form infection foci for disease dissemination (Tsushima & Naito, 1991). The bacteria are thought to enter through the stoma on the inner surface of the rice husk and then multiply in the intercellular space of parenchyma (69, 1652). There is some evidence to suggest that degradative enzymes (72, 6749) and toxin production may also have a role in phytopathogenicity (69, 2349). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka (69, 4949), China, Japan, Taiwan (63, 3360), Colombia (70, 2670), Latin America in general (69, 1080; 70, 827). TRANSMISSION: Latent infection of rice seeds (70, 7648).

Sclerotinia borealis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Anthoxanthum Odoratum

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia borealis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium perenne and various cereals, forage grasses and lawn grasses (including Triticum cultivars, Phleum pratense, Agrostis tenuis, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp., Poa pratensis, Secale cereale). DISEASE: Snow scald, snow mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan, USSR; Europe: Finland, Norway, Sweden, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Yukon); United States (AK, MN, WA) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 446). TRANSMISSION: Penetration of the fungus has been shown to occur (in vitro) through stomata and intercellularly. In the field disease entry can be facilitated by injury which is increased by slight freezing of the soil, a thick snow cover and slow melting of the snow in the spring. Sclerotia develop within the culms, digesting and to some extent incorporating the host tissue. Sclerotia may also be present on the leaves. Germination of sclerotia occurs to produce apothecia, with the subsequent production of ascospores which may then become the infective agents. The development of apothecia and the dissemination of ascospores are favoured by long, rainy autumns.

Ascochyta desmazieresii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Irish Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta desmazieresii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne. DISEASE: Glume and leaf spot of Italian and perennial ryegrasses. At first leaf lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct red-purple margin. With time these enlarge, become irregular or elliptical, up to 5 mm long and distinctly visible on both sides of the leaves. Finally the centres of older lesions fade to fawn to straw yellow with numerous pycnidia immersed within the leaf tissue on both sides of the leaves but usually abundant pycnidia occur on the lower side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Republic, UK); N. America (USA, California, Oregon, Washington); S. America (Chile, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; infection is presumably spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews. The fungus is also probably carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. [Distribution map].

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Ensete Ventricosum ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Yirgou & Bradbury) Dye. Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadales. Hosts: banana (Musa sp.), enset (Ensete ventricosum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Burundi, Congo Democratic Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda).

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

Microsphaera penicillata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Erysiphe Pisi ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Dry Seasons

Abstract A description is provided for Microsphaera penicillata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of Alnus, Betula, Syringa, Lathyrus, sweet peas and numerous other hosts (Saknon, 1900; Stevens, 1925; 39: 739; 41: 175) DISEASES: Powdery mildew of alder and lilac. Forms a white to grey floury appearance on the surface of broad leaves of many hard wood trees. It is more prevalent on sweet peas than Erysiphe pisi (CMI Descript. 155) in North America in spring when temperature and humidity are fluctuating. The foliage may be malformed, dropping prematurely or drying out and shrivelling. It is also prevalent on lilac in late summer and autumn, sometimes in dry seasons almost completely covering the foliage, but generally too late in the season to cause serious damage. Young leaves are more susceptible. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on alder and lilac and occasionally occurring on numerous other hosts. Distributed generally in North America and Europe, also reported from Chile, China, India and Japan (Salmon, 1900, 39: 739; 41: 175). TRANSMISSION: Spores wind borne.

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