Sclerotinia borealis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Anthoxanthum Odoratum

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia borealis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium perenne and various cereals, forage grasses and lawn grasses (including Triticum cultivars, Phleum pratense, Agrostis tenuis, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp., Poa pratensis, Secale cereale). DISEASE: Snow scald, snow mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan, USSR; Europe: Finland, Norway, Sweden, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Yukon); United States (AK, MN, WA) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 446). TRANSMISSION: Penetration of the fungus has been shown to occur (in vitro) through stomata and intercellularly. In the field disease entry can be facilitated by injury which is increased by slight freezing of the soil, a thick snow cover and slow melting of the snow in the spring. Sclerotia develop within the culms, digesting and to some extent incorporating the host tissue. Sclerotia may also be present on the leaves. Germination of sclerotia occurs to produce apothecia, with the subsequent production of ascospores which may then become the infective agents. The development of apothecia and the dissemination of ascospores are favoured by long, rainy autumns.

Sclerotinia narcissicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Detached Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia narcissicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Narcissus spp. DISEASE: Smoulder, grey mould. Infection may reduce bulb yield and flower size (55, 3617). Symptoms may include: rot of the bulbs and leaves at ground level, brown lesions on the leaves and flower buds, distortion and failure of emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Iraq, USSR; Australasia: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria), New Zealand; Europe: Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey), Denmark, Eire, England, Germany, Northern Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, USSR, Wales, West Germany; North America: Canada (British Columbia, NS, Ontario, PEI); USA (North Carolina, New York, Oregon, Virginia, Washington State) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 315). TRANSMISSION: The disease may come from planting of infected bulbs or from infected soil; sclerotia in the soil may be viable for up to nine months (61, 7053). In vitro conidial suspensions did not cause infection except of wounded or damaged tissue; mycelial inoculation consistently caused lesions on detached leaves and bulb scales (61, 5797).

Sclerotinia trifoliorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sclerotinia Trifoliorum ◽  
Distribution Maps

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia trifoliorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Trifolium spp., also Medicago sativa and other herbaceous leguminous forage crops including Anthyllis vulneraria, Lathyrus spp., other Medicago spp., Melilotus spp. and Vicia spp. including V. faba (on this host causing 'Bean rot'; the causal agent of which has often been referred to as S. trifoliorum var. fabae Keay) and V. saliva. Although approximately 100 hosts have been recorded for this pathogen there is often a lack of conclusive evidence that S. trifoliorum and not another Sclerotinia species is to blame. DISEASE: Rot, called variously: Stem rot, Crown rot, Brown patch of lawns, Clover sickness, Clover canker. Symptoms include leaf rot, petiole rot and stem rot. Initial leaf spotting may be followed by these more severe rot symptons. The foliage usually turns grey-green as though scalded, then may wither and the rot may spread. In lucerne the leaves may be totally destroyed by the pathogen, but it takes a long time to reach the root system through the comparatively thick stem. TRANSMISSION: The development of apothecia occurs in the autumn. Ascospores infect the leaves, and rotting of the clover plants sets in the following early spring. The fungus is able to complete its entire life-cycle as a saprophyte. Spread from plant to plant takes place chiefly along affected petioles, but the pathogen may grow about 2 cm over the soil from a nutritional base. The fungus can persist in the crown of the plant throughout the summer until harvest. Sclerotia may germinate to produce apothecia and ascospores which may infect emergent shoots; sclerotial germination is favoured by light, well-aerated soils and a temperature between 10° and 20°C. Mycelium and ascospores remain viable (in a dry state) for seven months, sclerotia buried in the soil survive for more than seven years. In vitro conidia will infect clover plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt; Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan, Korea; Australasia & Oceania: Australia (NSW, Viet., Tas., W.A.), New Zealand; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Que, PEI), USA (widespread), Mexico; Central & South America: Chile (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 274).

Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

Passalora sojina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. David
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Far East ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Aerial Dispersal ◽  
Dead Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Passalora sojina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Frog-eye leafspot. HOSTS: Glycine hispida, G. javanica, G. max, G. soja, G. ussuriensis (FALEEVA, 1976), Mucuna sp. (CROUS & BRAUN, 2003) (Fabaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: [CAB International Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 871, Edn. 1 (2002)]. AFRICA: Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Guatemala. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paolo), Venezuela. ASIA: China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), East Timor, India (Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Nepal, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Taiwan. EUROPE: Russia. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne and by aerial dispersal of conidia through wind and rain splash. The fungus also survives in dead plant material and can re-infect living plants (SWEETS, 2001).

Valsa sordida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Hayova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Poplar Trees

Abstract A description is provided for Valsa sordida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Valsa sordida is usually associated with Valsa canker of poplar twigs. Wounded trees, and trees injured by insects or attacked by other pathogens are more susceptible to infection. Development of Valsa canker is affected by environmental stress (Guyon, 1996; Tao et al., 1984). Poplar canker caused by V. sordida has been studied in different countries (CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, 1977; Worrall, 1983; Wang et al., 1981) The fungus can be often found in declining poplar stands together with another pathogen of poplar trees, Leucostoma niveum. Valsa sordida may also cause necrosis of willow twigs. HOSTS: Populus spp., Salix spp. and, more rarely, other woody angiosperms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Morocco. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan. Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia (Tatarstan), Turkey, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia (Victoria), New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan). USA (California, Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota). South America: Chile. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Yellow or orange exudation of conidia from conidiomata can be often seen after rain.

Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Chika Egawa ◽  
Atsushi Shoji ◽  
Hiroyuki Shibaike
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

scholarly journals The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C<sub>6</sub>–C<sub>12</sub> benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C<sub>12</sub>–C<sub>25</sub> oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

scholarly journals Southern Blight of Tall Fescue and Bluegrass Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-246
Author(s):  
G. Polizzi ◽  
A. Vitale ◽  
I. Castello
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Southern Blight

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) are the main turfgrass species cultivated in Sicily (southern Italy) for ready lawn (sod) to ornamental purposes. In July 2004 and May 2005, a widespread disease was noticed in two turf nurseries on the eastern side of Sicily on a ready lawn mixture of F. arundinacea cv. Safari (94%) + P. pratensis cv. Cabaret (6%). Numerous yellow, circular- and crescent-shaped patches as much as 30 to 40 cm in diameter were observed. The turf usually died around the perimeter of the patch, but the grass remained green in the center of the ring with a tuft of green grass in the center (frog eye). Affected turf was initially reddish brown and turned brown as it died. Small, round and off-white or tan seed-like structures were dispersed on mycelial strands at the outer edge of the ring in the mat at the base of grasses. The pathogen was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The fungus was isolated directly as aerial mycelium or sclerotia or following surface disinfection (2 min in 0.5% NaOCl) and plating diseased tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Sclerotia were observed in vitro in 7-day-old cultures. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating two com-mercial ready lawn strips (80 × 100 cm) of two healthy turfgrass species each with three isolates of the fungus. Thirty sclerotia were placed at the base of stems. Noninoculated ready lawn strips served as control. All plants were covered with plastic bags, exposed to diffused daylight for 5 days, and then maintained in a growth chamber at 25 to 28°C under fluorescent light. Disease symptoms and southern blight signs like the ones observed in the field occurred 2 weeks after inoculation. S. rolfsii was reisolated from affected tissues. Symptoms were not detected on any of the non-inoculated ready lawn strips. The disease was serious enough that chemical treatments were required for its control. Southern blight was previously detected on bermudagrass and other cool-season turfgrass genera (1).To our knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight on tall fescue and bluegrass in Italy. Reference: (1) R. W. Smiley. Common Names of Plant Diseases. Diseases of Turfgrasses. Online publication. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Sporisorium sorghi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Infected Seed

Abstract A description is provided for Sporisorium sorghi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Covered smut or covered kernel smut of sorghum. Development of functional ovaries and anthers is prevented in infected parts of the plants. HOSTS: Panicum miliaceum, Sorghum bicolor, S. dochna, S. halepense, S. plumosum, S. sudanense and S. vulgare (Poaceae). This species has also been recorded from Ischaemum ciliare (VISWANATHAN et al., 2000). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 220, edn 4 (1987). In addition it has been recorded from AFRICA: Mauritania (FRISON & SADIO, 1987). CENTRAL AMERICA: Nevis. TRANSMISSION: In addition to dissemination on infected seed, there is evidence that this species can also be spread by air-borne chlamydospores (SHENOI & RAMALINGAM, 1976).

The effect of lime and phosphate on soils and sown species in the Falkland Islands

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. McAdam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Improved Pasture

SUMMARYExperiments to determine the effects of a range of applied lime and phosphate treatments on the establishment of species and the subsequent herbage production in the first and second seasons following sowing on four sites in the Falkland Islands are described and the results discussed.Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis established, successfully yielding up to 4·5 t D.M./ha per year with inputs of 55 kg N, 50 kg P and 20 kg K/ha. Applied P increased the yield of herbage and produced a small, though significant, increase in P status of the soil.The lowest level of applied lime (0·63 t/ha) increased the soil pH to 5·0 and although this did not affect the yield or botanical composition of the grass component of the sward it did affect the presence and nodulation of white clover.The problems of establishing white clover are presented in view of the severe limitations on the use of lime and fertilizer in the Islands. The implications of grazing this improved pasture are discussed in relation to increased pasture production and improved soil fertility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document