scholarly journals Urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an index of microbial protein synthesis in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhai Guerouali ◽  
Youssef El Gass ◽  
Joaquim Balcells ◽  
Alvaro Belenguer ◽  
John Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gut Mucosa

Five experiments were carried out to extend knowledge of purine metabolism in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and to establish a model to enable microbial protein outflow from the forestomachs to be estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD; i.e. xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, allantoin). In experiment 1, four camels were fasted for five consecutive days to enable endogenous PD excretion in urine to be determined. Total PD excretion decreased during the fasting period to 267 (se 41·5)?μmol/kg body weight (W)0·75 per d. Allantoin and xanthine+hypoxanthine were consistently 86 and 6·1?% of total urinary PD during this period but uric acid increased from 3·6?% to 7·4?%. Xanthine oxidase activity in tissues (experiment 2) was (μmol/min per g fresh tissue) 0·038 in liver and 0·005 in gut mucosa but was not detected in plasma. In experiment 3, the duodenal supply of yeast containing exogenous purines produced a linear increase in urinary PD excretion rate with the slope indicating that 0·63 was excreted in urine. After taking account of endogenous PD excretion, the relationship can be used to predict purine outflow from the rumen. From the latter prediction, and also the purine:protein ratio in bacteria determined in experiment 5, we predicted the net microbial outflow from the rumen. In experiment 4, with increasing food intake, the rate of PD excretion in the urine increased linearly by about 11·1?mmol PD/kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), equivalent to 95?g microbial protein/kg DOMI.

scholarly journals Urinary excretion of purine derivatives and tissue xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) activity in buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) with special reference to differences between buffaloes and Bos taurus cattle

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
L. Samaraweera ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
H. Abeygunawardene
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

AbstractThe urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was measured in six buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) during fasting and in fourteen buffaloes given four restricted levels of roughage (2·5-4·8 kg DM/d). Only allantoin and uric acid, not xanthine and hypoxanthine, were present in the urine, the pattern of excretion being similar to that in cattle. The fasting PD excretion amounted to 0·20 (SD 0·06) mmol/kg metabolic weight (W0·75) per d, and the rate of PD excretion as a linear function of feed intake was 5·2 mmol/kg digestible organic matter intake. Both values were considerably lower than the values for cattle reported in the literature. Creatinine excretion values were 0·33 (SD 0·06) and 0·44 (SD 0·09) mmol/kg W0.75 per d determined in fasting and feeding periods respectively. Fasting N excretion was 257 (SD 49) mg N/kg W0.75 per d. Both creatinine and fasting N excretions were also lower than in cattle. The activities of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) in plasma, liver and intestinal mucosa were determined in buffaloes, cattle and sheep. Xanthine oxidase activities in buffaloes were 24·5 (SD 2·7) unit/l plasma and 0·44 (SD 0·02) and 0·31 (SD 0·10) unit/g fresh tissue in liver and intestinal mucosa respectively. These activities were higher than those in cattle and sheep. Xanthine oxidase was practically absent from plasma and intestine of sheep. It is suggested that the differences in PD excretion between buffaloes and cattle were probably due to the smaller proportion of plasma PD that was disposed of in the urine of buffaloes.

Preliminary studies on urinary excretion of purine derivatives and creatinine in yaks

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. LONG ◽  
S. K. DONG ◽  
X. B. CHEN ◽  
E. R. ØRSKOV ◽  
Z. Z. HU
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Energy Maintenance

Field experiments were conducted at the farm of Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining, China during 1996/97 to determine the effects of level of food intake on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD), creatinine and nitrogen in yaks (Bos grunniens). Two experiments were carried out with three female yaks (initial body weight 173–187 kg, age 5 years). For Expt 1 a 3×3 Latin square experimental design was used with three levels of oat hay (nitrogen 13·5 g/kg dry matter (DM)) intake treatments, i.e. 0·3, 0·6 and 0·9 of voluntary intake (1·3–3·5 kg DM/d). Each treatment lasted for 17 days and the samples were collected during the last 7 days of each period. For Expt 2 the animals were fed the same oat hay as in Expt 1 for 3 weeks at a level equivalent to the estimated energy maintenance requirement (M) (1·5–2·2 kg DM/d). The intake was then reduced to 0·6 M on day 1, 0·3 M on day 2 and zero from day 3 until day 10. The animals were re-fed in the reverse order for 3 days. Of the PD, only allantoin and uric acid were present in the urine. The proportions of allantoin and uric acid were 0·86 and 0·14 respectively for both experiments. There was no response of creatinine and nitrogen excretions to feed intake. The rates of PD excretion per kg digestible organic matter (DOM) or digestible dry matter (DDM) were 13·5 and 13·6 mmol respectively. As expected, urinary PD excretion increased significantly (P<0·001) with increasing intake of DDM and DOM. The daily fasting PD, creatinine and nitrogen excretions amounted to 0·22±0·02 (S.E.), 0·25±0·01 mmol/kg W0·75 and 314±24·2 mg/kg W0·75 respectively. The results suggest that it is possible to establish a method for estimating intestinal microbial protein flow based on PD excretion in yaks.

scholarly journals Urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an index of microbial-nitrogen intake in growing rabbits

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. M. Ganuza ◽  
J. F. Pérez ◽  
S. M. Martín-Orúe ◽  
M. González Ronquillo
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Se 33 ◽  
The Relationship

Three experiments were carried out to establish a response model between intake and urinary excretion of purine compounds. In Expt 1 the relationship between the intake of purine bases (PB) and the excretion of total purine derivatives (PD) was determined in seven growing rabbits with a mean initial live weight (LW) of 2·03 (SE 0·185) kg, aged 70 d, each fitted with a wooden neck collar to prevent caecotrophagy. They were fed on five experimental diets formulated with different levels of nucleic acids (0·00, 3·75, 7·50, 11·25, 15·00 g yeast-RNA/kg diet). The relationship between intake of purine (x,μmol/kg W0·75) and total urinary PD excretion (y,μmol/kg W0·75),y= 0·56 + 0·67x(r20·86; RSD 0·338), indicated that about 70% of duodenal PB were recovered as urinary PD and that the endogenous contribution was constant and independent of dietary PB supply. Endogenous excretion of PD (allantoin and uric acid) was measured in a second experiment using six rabbits fed on a purine-free diet and fitted with neck collars to avoid caecotrophagy. Basal daily urinary excretion values for allantoin and uric acid were 532 (SE 33·9) and 55 (SE 7·3) μmol/kg W0·75respectively; xanthine and hypoxanthine were not found in urine samples and therefore the sum of allantoin and uric acid should comprise the total excretion of PD (588 (SE 40·1) μmol/kg W0·75). The xanthine oxidase (EC 1·2.3·2) activity in plasma, liver, duodenum, jejunum and kidney was measured in a third experiment. The activities of xanthine oxidase in duodenal and jejunal mucosa, liver and kidney were: 0·61 (SE 0·095), 0·37 (SE 0·045), 0·035 (SE 0·001) and 0 units/g fresh tissue respectively and in plasma 2·96 (SE 0·094) units/1. The results show that urinary excretion of PD may be a useful tool to estimate duodenal PB input and microbial protein intake once the relationship between PB and N has been established in caecal micro-organisms.

scholarly journals Excretion of endogenous and exogenous purine derivatives in sheep: effect of increased concentrate intake

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Pérez ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. A. Cebrián ◽  
S. M. Martín-Orúe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Marker System ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

The present study examined the endogenous urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD; allantoin, uric acid and xanthine plus hypoxanthine) in fed animals. Four Rasa Aragonesa ewes fitted with simple cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used. Animals were given a lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay diet, as sole feed (A) or supplemented, respectively, with 220 (B), 400 (C), and 550 (D) g rolled barley grain/d following a 4 × 4 random factorial design. Duodenal flow of purine bases (PB) was determined by the dual-phase marker system. 15N was infused continuously into the rumen to label exogenous or microbial PB. Duodenal PB flow and urinary excretion of PD increased with digestible organic matter intake showing a constant recovery of duodenal PB. The isotope dilution of PD in urine samples confirmed the presence of an endogenous fraction, originating from tissues, that increased from 115.2 (SE 5.84) μmol/kg W0.75 for the basal diet to 304.2 (SE 7.6) μmol/kg W0.75 at the highest level of duodenal PB.

Purine derivatives in spot urine samples and plasma of sheep: a possible index of microbial protein supply

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 5-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
Adriana T. Mejia ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Alternative Index ◽  
Protein Supply

In ruminants, daily urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) reflects the absorption of microbial purines and can be used as an index of microbial protein supply (Chen, Ørskov and Hovell, 1991). The application could be extended to farm conditions if measurements based on spot urine samples or plasma could serve as an alternative index. The objective of this study was to examine whether PD concentrations in spot urine or plasma samples vary diurnally during a given feeding regime and if they reflect differences in daily PD excretion induced by varying feed intake.

Measurement of microbial protein synthesis in Iranian buffalo rumen (Mazandran Province) by purine derivatives excretion method

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 216-216
Author(s):  
Yashar Vakil Faraji ◽  
Mojtaba Zahedifar ◽  
Jafari Khorshidi Kaveh
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
North Of Iran ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Protein Supply

Rumen microbes are rich in nucleic acid: around 18% of total nitrogen is present on nucleic acids or 11% in purines. Rumen microbes constitue the major source of protein supply to the ruminant. The purines from the rumen microbes are metabolized and excreted in the urine as their end products: hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and allantoin. In buffalo and cattle because of high xanthine oxidase activity in intestine and blood, hypoxanthine and xanthine convert to uric acid therefore only uric acid and allantoin excreted in urine way (Chen, X. B., Ørskov, E. R., 2003). This research carried out to use excretion of purine derivatives namely allantoin and uric acid as a parameter to estimate the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of native swamp buffalo in north of iran, Mazandaran Province.

Basal urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 109-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balcells ◽  
J.A. Guada ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J.I. Bonafonte
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Exogenous Supply

In ruminants duodenal purines,mainly derived from microbial nucleic acids, are catabolised and excreted in the urine as xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid and allantoin. The use of purine derivatives as an index of net microbial syntesis in the rumen requires a better understanding of the contribution of endogenus losses to total urinary excretion.Similar levels of basal excretion of purine derivatives has been determined in ruminants maintained by intragastric nutrition (Giesecke et al. 1984, Fujihara et al. 1987) and preruminants fed on liquid diets (Linberg, 1989). However, lower excretion of allantoin and uric acid were recorded when exogenous supply was reduced by fasting (Rys et al. 1975).

Variations in the urinary excretion of purine derivatives and creatinine in holstein/friesan dairy cattle

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer ◽  
A.M. Sword
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Suitable Index

The urinary excretion of purine derivatives has been proposed as a non-invasive method of estimating the outflow of rumen microbial protein. Wider application of this technique is hindered by the requirement for a total urine collection, but Chen et al. (1992) suggested the use of urinary Creatinine(C) concentration to account for changes in urine volume. The relative concentrations of Purine Derivatives (PD) and C in spot urine samples could be used as a suitable index of PD output. The following experiment assesses the validity of this approach in lactating Holstein/Friesan cattle.

Renal and salivary clearance of purine derivatives in sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Surra ◽  
J. A. Guada ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Urinary Recovery ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Saline Solutions

AbstractFour adult ewes (mean weight 42·6 kg) fitted with oesophageal fistulae were given 5 mmol/day ofallantoin or saline solutions by intrajugular continuous infusion. The experiment was a randomized cross-over design, with two consecutive 3-day infusion periods. One kg/day fresh matter of either chopped or pelleted fescue hay was distributed over 12 meals and salivary flow estimated from dilution of Co-EDTA infused into the buccal cavity. Allantoin infusion resulted in a rapid increase in its plasma concentration (84 to 128 (s.e. 1·5) μmol/l) and urinary excretion (9·6 to 13·3 (s.e. 0·18) mmol/day) without significant differences between diets. Salivary allantoin also increased (4·6 to 6·4 (s.e. 0·60) ymol/1) in response to infusion, although the concentration of total purine derivatives in saliva was only proportionately 0·08 that of plasma. Renal and salivary clearance of oxypurines, allantoin (78 (s.e. 5·0) ml/min and 13 (s.e. 0·7) ml/h), uric acid (466 (s.e. 98·0) ml/min and 45 (s.e. 9·8) ml/h) and creatinine (104 (s.e. 3·0) ml/min and 14 (s.e. 1·1) ml/h) were constant, irrespective of diet and infusion treatments. Urinary recovery of infused allantoin averaged 0·78 (s.e. 0·031) but salivary secretion, equivalent to about 0·003 of urinary losses, was not the explanation for the incomplete recovery.

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