scholarly journals Abomasal glucose, maize starch and maize dextrin infusions in cattle: Small-intestinal disappearance, net portal glucose flux and ileal oligosaccharide flow

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Kreikemeier ◽  
D. L. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Glucose Flux ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Arterial Glucose

Three castrated male Holstein cattle (423 (SD 19) kg live weight) fitted with elevated carotid artery, portal, and mesenteric venous catheters, and abomasal and ileal cannulas were used to study small-intestinal starch digestion. The cattle were infused abomasally with water (275 ml/h), glucose (66 g/h), maize dextrin (66 g/h) or maize starch (66 g/h) in an incomplete Latin square design, with eight infusion periods. Infusion with carbohydrate resulted in higher arterial glucose concentrations and greater net portal glucose flux than when cattle were infused with water. Arterial glucose concentration and net portal glucose flux were highest when glucose was infused. In the small intestine, 85% of abomasally infused glucose, 78% of infused dextrin, and 66% of infused starch disappeared. Of the carbohydrate that disappeared in the small intestine, that which could be accounted for as net portal glucose flux was 73% for glucose, 60% for dextrin, and 57% for starch. Ileal digesta contained unpolymerized glucose, and short-chain soluble α-glucoside. Of the infused dextrin flowing past the ileum (14 g/h), 0·3 g/h was glucose, 6·2 g/h was soluble α-glucoside, and 7·5 g/h was insoluble α-glucoside. Of the infused starch flowing at the ileum (22·2 g/h), 0-9 g/h was glucose, 5·3 g/h was soluble α-glucoside, and 15·9 g/h was insoluble α-glucoside. The average chain lengths of the soluble α-glucosides in ileal digesta were 2·07 and 2·36 for dextrin and starch infusions respectively, indicating mostly di- and to a lesser extent trisaccharides. We conclude that (1) when 66 g raw starch is presented to the small intestine per h, about half of the intestinal disappearance appears as glucose in the portal vasculature, and (2) α-1,4 glucosidase (EC3.2.1.20) activity at the brush border is the rate-limiting step to small-intestinal starch digestion in cattle.

Starch digestion site : influence of ruminal and abomasal starch infusion on starch digestion and utilization in dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Abramson ◽  
I. Bruckental ◽  
L. Lipshitz ◽  
U. Moalem ◽  
S. Zamwel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Starch Solution ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

AbstractThe effect of site of starch digestion on glucose metabolism in dairy cows was studied. Four multiparous Israeli-Holstein cows in mid lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. Average body weight of cows was 580 ± 38 kg, and average milk yield was 28 ± 3 kg/day. The cows were fitted with ruminal cannula and flexible T-cannulae in abomasum and ileum. Treatments were as follows : CON (control) : water was infused to the rumen. SR (starch-rumen) : 1.5 kg/day of maize starch solution was infused into the rumen. SA (starch-abomasum) : 1.5 kg/day of maize starch solution was infused into the abomasum. SCA (starch-casein-abomasum) : 500 g/day sodium caseinate and 1.5 kg/day of maize starch solution was infused into the abomasum. Total intake of dry matter (DM), was similar in all treatments and averaged 19.9 kg/day. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) intake averaged in 6.8 kg/day. The average TNC digested in the rumen was 4.95 kg/day for CON and SR cows and 3.34 kg/day for the SA and the SCA cows. The average TNC digestion in the small intestine was 1.18 kg/day for CON and SR cows and 2.41 kg/day for the SA and SCA cows. TNC digestibility in the small intestine was highest for the SCA cows at 0.83 as compared with other treatments. Concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin were similar between treatments. No difference between treatments in total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in ruminal fluids was observed. However, propionate proportion in total VFA was higher in the SR cows than in other treatments (P< 0.04). Milk yield and composition were not affected by treatments in the present study. It was concluded that the amount of dietary protein in the small intestine has a considerable effect on TNC digestibility. Under conditions of high milk production and high rumen-by-pass TNC flow, efficiency of TNC utilization might be greater since TNC is digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen.

Application of a dynamic mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion in the dairy cow

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
J. A. N. Mills ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
L. A. Crompton ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Small Intestinal

The high contribution of postruminal starch digestion (>50%) to total tract starch digestion on certain energy dense diets (Mills et al. 1999) demands that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion are identified. Therefore, a dynamic mechanistic model of the small intestine was constructed and evaluated against published experimental data for abomasal carbohydrate infusions in the dairy cow. The mechanistic structure of the model allowed the current biological knowledge to be integrated into a system capable of identifying restrictions to dietary energy recovery from postruminal starch delivery.

scholarly journals Nutritional and Physiological Constraints Contributing to Limitations in Small Intestinal Starch Digestion and Glucose Absorption in Ruminants

Ruminants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Trotta ◽  
David L. Harmon ◽  
James C. Matthews ◽  
Kendall C. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Increased efficiency of nutrient utilization can potentially be gained with increased starch digestion in the small intestine in ruminants. However, ruminants have quantitative limits in the extent of starch disappearance in the small intestine. The objective is to explore the nutritional and physiological constraints that contribute to limitations of carbohydrate assimilation in the ruminant small intestine. Altered digesta composition and passage rate in the small intestine, insufficient pancreatic α-amylase and/or small intestinal carbohydrase activity, and reduced glucose absorption could all be potentially limiting factors of intestinal starch assimilation. The absence of intestinal sucrase activity in ruminants may be related to quantitative limits in small intestinal starch hydrolysis. Multiple sequence alignment of the sucrase-isomaltase complex gives insight into potential molecular mechanisms that may be associated with the absence of intestinal sucrase activity, reduced capacity for intestinal starch digestion, and limitations in the efficiency of feed utilization in cattle and sheep. Future research efforts in these areas will aid in our understanding of small intestinal starch digestion and glucose absorption to optimize feeding strategies for increased meat and milk production efficiency.

Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Harmon ◽  
R. M. Yamka ◽  
N. A. Elam
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Available Information

The process of starch assimilation in the ruminant is complex and remains an avenue by which increases in production efficiency can be gained. Ruminal starch digestion is typically 0.75–0.80 of starch intake. Starch that escapes fermentation and flows to the small intestine may be more resistant to enzymatic digestion and on average 0.35–0.60 of starch entering the small intestine is degraded there. Of the fraction that escapes small intestinal digestion an additional 0.35–0.50 is degraded in the large intestine. This suggests that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion do exist. This review summarizes available information describing the digestive and absorptive processes occurring in the small intestine with an emphasis on nutritional factors that influence these processes. A review of experiments measuring small intestinal starch digestion indicates that small intestinal digestion is either highly variable or poorly determined whereas ruminal and large intestinal digestion are much more clearly described. These data indicate that improvements in methodologies are needed before we can accurately describe processes occurring in the small intestine and formulate diets to optimize site of starch digestion. Key words: Ruminant, starch, glucose, small intestine, digestion

scholarly journals Duodenal Infusions of Starch with Casein or Glutamic Acid Influence Pancreatic and Small Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities in Cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Leonardo G Sitorski ◽  
Subash Acharya ◽  
Derek W Brake ◽  
Kendall C Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Soybean Hull ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Small Intestinal

ABSTRACT Background Small intestinal starch digestion in ruminants is potentially limited by inadequate production of carbohydrases. Previous research has demonstrated that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved by postruminal supply of casein or glutamic acid. However, the mechanisms by which casein and glutamic acid increase starch digestion are not well understood. Objectives The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of duodenal infusions of starch with casein or glutamic acid on postruminal carbohydrase activities in cattle. Methods Twenty-two steers [mean body weight (BW) = 179 ± 4.23 kg] were surgically fitted with duodenal and ileal cannulas and limit-fed a soybean hull–based diet containing small amounts of starch. Raw cornstarch (1.61 ± 0.0869 kg/d) was infused into the duodenum alone (control), or with 118 ± 7.21 g glutamic acid/d, or 428 ± 19.4 g casein/d. Treatments were infused continuously for 58 d and then steers were killed for tissue collection. Activities of pancreatic (α-amylase) and intestinal (maltase, isomaltase, glucoamylase, sucrase) carbohydrases were determined. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block (replicate group) design using the GLM procedure of SAS to determine effects of infusion treatment. Results Duodenal casein infusion increased (P &lt; 0.05) pancreatic α-amylase activity by 290%. Duodenal glutamic acid infusion increased (P &lt; 0.03) duodenal maltase activity by 233%. Duodenal casein infusion increased jejunal maltase (P = 0.02) and glucoamylase (P = 0.03) activity per gram protein by 62.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Duodenal casein infusion tended to increase (P = 0.10) isomaltase activity per gram jejunum by 38.5% in the jejunum. Sucrase activity was not detected in any segment of the small intestine. Conclusions These results suggest that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved in cattle with increased small intestinal flow of casein through increases in postruminal carbohydrase activities.

scholarly journals Influence of Small Intestinal Protein on Carbohydrate Assimilation in Beef and Dairy Cattle

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Harmon ◽  
Israel Bruckental ◽  
Gerald B. Huntington ◽  
Yoav Aharoni ◽  
Amichai Arieli
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Intestinal Protein ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Protein Supply

The long term goal of the proposed research, "Influence of small intestinal protein on carbohydrate assimilation and metabolism in beef and dairy cattle" was to define the limits of small intestinal starch digestion and clarify regulatory mechanisms involved in starch assimilation in cattle. It was hypothesized that dietary protein plays a critical role in the regulation of intestinal digestion; however, studies clearly identifying this role were lacking. The first two experiments quantified starch digestion (disappearance from the small intestine) in response to known increments in duodenal protein supply and found that the quantity of DM, OM and starch disappearing from the small intestine increased linearly (P <.01) with protein infusion. A follow-up experiment also demonstrated that casein infusion linearly increased pancreatic a-amylase concentration and secretion rate. The final experiment provided critical data on metabolic fates of glucose derived from intestinal starch digestion. These data demonstrated that increasing postruminal starch supply does increase the metabolism of glucose by visceral tissues: however, this increase is minor (20%) compared with the increase in portal production (70%). These changes can have a dramatic impact on the glucose economy of the animal and result in large increases in the amount of glucose reaching peripheral tissues.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

Influence of microbial species on small intestinal myoelectric activity and transit in germ-free rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. G368-G380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Husebye ◽  
Per M. Hellström ◽  
Frank Sundler ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Tore Midtvedt
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Burst Activity ◽  
Intestinal Transit ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Regular Spike ◽  
Spike Burst ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Small Intestinal

The effect of an intestinal microflora consisting of selected microbial species on myoelectric activity of small intestine was studied using germ-free rat models, with recording before and after specific intestinal colonization, in the unanesthetized state. Intestinal transit, neuropeptides in blood (RIA), and neuromessengers in the intestinal wall were determined. Clostridium tabificum vp 04 promoted regular spike burst activity, shown by a reduction of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) period from 30.5 ± 3.9 min in the germ-free state to 21.2 ± 0.14 min ( P < 0.01). Lactobacillus acidophilus A10 and Bifidobacterium bifidum B11 reduced the MMC period from 27.9 ± 4.5 to 21.5 ± 2.1 min ( P < 0.02) and accelerated small intestinal transit ( P < 0.05). Micrococcus luteus showed an inhibitory effect, with an MMC period of 35.9 ± 9.3 min compared with 27.7 ± 6.3 min in germ-free rats ( P < 0.01). Inhibition was indicated also for Escherichia coli X7gnotobiotic rats. No consistent changes in slow wave frequency were observed. The concentration of neuropeptide Y in blood decreased after introduction of conventional intestinal microflora, suggesting reduced inhibitory control. Intestinal bacteria promote or suppress the initiation and aboral migration of the MMC depending on the species involved. Bacteria with primitive fermenting metabolism (anaerobes) emerge as important promoters of regular spike burst activity in small intestine.

Su1211 The Utility of Small Intestine Capsule Endoscopy and Balloon-Assisted Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Tumors

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. AB316
Author(s):  
Ryoichi Sawada ◽  
Ryosuke Miyazaki ◽  
Ayako Ishii ◽  
Yusuke Nagata ◽  
Makio Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
Intestinal Tumors ◽  
Small Intestinal
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