Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Harmon ◽  
R. M. Yamka ◽  
N. A. Elam
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Available Information

The process of starch assimilation in the ruminant is complex and remains an avenue by which increases in production efficiency can be gained. Ruminal starch digestion is typically 0.75–0.80 of starch intake. Starch that escapes fermentation and flows to the small intestine may be more resistant to enzymatic digestion and on average 0.35–0.60 of starch entering the small intestine is degraded there. Of the fraction that escapes small intestinal digestion an additional 0.35–0.50 is degraded in the large intestine. This suggests that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion do exist. This review summarizes available information describing the digestive and absorptive processes occurring in the small intestine with an emphasis on nutritional factors that influence these processes. A review of experiments measuring small intestinal starch digestion indicates that small intestinal digestion is either highly variable or poorly determined whereas ruminal and large intestinal digestion are much more clearly described. These data indicate that improvements in methodologies are needed before we can accurately describe processes occurring in the small intestine and formulate diets to optimize site of starch digestion. Key words: Ruminant, starch, glucose, small intestine, digestion

Application of a dynamic mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion in the dairy cow

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
J. A. N. Mills ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
L. A. Crompton ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Small Intestinal

The high contribution of postruminal starch digestion (>50%) to total tract starch digestion on certain energy dense diets (Mills et al. 1999) demands that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion are identified. Therefore, a dynamic mechanistic model of the small intestine was constructed and evaluated against published experimental data for abomasal carbohydrate infusions in the dairy cow. The mechanistic structure of the model allowed the current biological knowledge to be integrated into a system capable of identifying restrictions to dietary energy recovery from postruminal starch delivery.

Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Potential Impact

In this review canola meal (CM), its nutritionally significant components and the availability of its nutrients to poultry, pigs and cattle were discussed. Avenues for possible improvement in available energy, protein and lysine were identified. Recent findings on glucosinolates were also discussed with the conclusion that a further reduction of glucosinolates through plant breeding is both possible and desirable. The role of the anti-nutrients sinapine, tannins and phytic acid were also considered. The potential impact of improvements to CM on its economic value was examined using linear program least-cost ration formulations applied to typical market situations. Key words: Canola meal, energy, protein, carbohydrates, anti-nutritional factors, economics

scholarly journals Nutritional and Physiological Constraints Contributing to Limitations in Small Intestinal Starch Digestion and Glucose Absorption in Ruminants

Ruminants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Trotta ◽  
David L. Harmon ◽  
James C. Matthews ◽  
Kendall C. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Increased efficiency of nutrient utilization can potentially be gained with increased starch digestion in the small intestine in ruminants. However, ruminants have quantitative limits in the extent of starch disappearance in the small intestine. The objective is to explore the nutritional and physiological constraints that contribute to limitations of carbohydrate assimilation in the ruminant small intestine. Altered digesta composition and passage rate in the small intestine, insufficient pancreatic α-amylase and/or small intestinal carbohydrase activity, and reduced glucose absorption could all be potentially limiting factors of intestinal starch assimilation. The absence of intestinal sucrase activity in ruminants may be related to quantitative limits in small intestinal starch hydrolysis. Multiple sequence alignment of the sucrase-isomaltase complex gives insight into potential molecular mechanisms that may be associated with the absence of intestinal sucrase activity, reduced capacity for intestinal starch digestion, and limitations in the efficiency of feed utilization in cattle and sheep. Future research efforts in these areas will aid in our understanding of small intestinal starch digestion and glucose absorption to optimize feeding strategies for increased meat and milk production efficiency.

INTESTINAL DIGESTION OF PROTEIN IN DAIRY COWS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 193-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. HVELPLUND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Intestinal Digestibility

Apparent digestibility of AA-N in the small intestine of dairy cows fed eight different diets varied between 0.61 and 0.75. As level of intake was increased a significant decrease in digestibility of AA-N was observed. Treating soyabean meal and cotton seed cakes with 0.5% formaldehyde reduced digestibility significantly. Key words: Cattle, intestinal digestibility, nitrogen, amino acids

scholarly journals Degradation of glucosinolates during in vitro incubations of rapeseed meal with myrosinase (EC 3.2.3 1) and with pepsin (EC 3.4.23.l)–hydrochloric acid, and contents of porcine small intestine and caecum

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Maskell ◽  
Ron Smithard
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Individual

Changes in the concentrations of glucosinolates from rapeseed meal and some glucosinolate degradation products during incubation in vitro with myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1), with pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1)–HCI, and with contents of porcine small intestine and caecum were studied. When rapeseed meal was incubated with myrosinase, 5-vinyl oxazolidinethione (OZT) and butenyl and pentenyl isothiocyanates were produced; OZT concentration rose to a plateau after about 2 h. However, when incubated with caecal contents only OZT could be detected; its concentration peaked after about 4–5 h then declined. Under in vitro conditions whirh attempted to simulate peptic and small intestinal digestion no OZT could be detected; the individual glucosinolates differed in susceptibility to peptic conditions, losses ranging from 3 to 23%. Under the small intestinal conditions the losses of individual glucosinolates ranged from about 7 to 28%. Addition of CuSO4, ascorbic acid, tylosin or a probiotic had little effect on the outcome of peptic or small intestinal incubations but tylosin appeared tc slow the degradation of glucosinolates in the presence of caecal contents.

scholarly journals Duodenal Infusions of Starch with Casein or Glutamic Acid Influence Pancreatic and Small Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities in Cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Leonardo G Sitorski ◽  
Subash Acharya ◽  
Derek W Brake ◽  
Kendall C Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Soybean Hull ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Small Intestinal

ABSTRACT Background Small intestinal starch digestion in ruminants is potentially limited by inadequate production of carbohydrases. Previous research has demonstrated that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved by postruminal supply of casein or glutamic acid. However, the mechanisms by which casein and glutamic acid increase starch digestion are not well understood. Objectives The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of duodenal infusions of starch with casein or glutamic acid on postruminal carbohydrase activities in cattle. Methods Twenty-two steers [mean body weight (BW) = 179 ± 4.23 kg] were surgically fitted with duodenal and ileal cannulas and limit-fed a soybean hull–based diet containing small amounts of starch. Raw cornstarch (1.61 ± 0.0869 kg/d) was infused into the duodenum alone (control), or with 118 ± 7.21 g glutamic acid/d, or 428 ± 19.4 g casein/d. Treatments were infused continuously for 58 d and then steers were killed for tissue collection. Activities of pancreatic (α-amylase) and intestinal (maltase, isomaltase, glucoamylase, sucrase) carbohydrases were determined. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block (replicate group) design using the GLM procedure of SAS to determine effects of infusion treatment. Results Duodenal casein infusion increased (P < 0.05) pancreatic α-amylase activity by 290%. Duodenal glutamic acid infusion increased (P < 0.03) duodenal maltase activity by 233%. Duodenal casein infusion increased jejunal maltase (P = 0.02) and glucoamylase (P = 0.03) activity per gram protein by 62.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Duodenal casein infusion tended to increase (P = 0.10) isomaltase activity per gram jejunum by 38.5% in the jejunum. Sucrase activity was not detected in any segment of the small intestine. Conclusions These results suggest that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved in cattle with increased small intestinal flow of casein through increases in postruminal carbohydrase activities.

scholarly journals Influence of Small Intestinal Protein on Carbohydrate Assimilation in Beef and Dairy Cattle

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Harmon ◽  
Israel Bruckental ◽  
Gerald B. Huntington ◽  
Yoav Aharoni ◽  
Amichai Arieli
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Intestinal Protein ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Protein Supply

The long term goal of the proposed research, "Influence of small intestinal protein on carbohydrate assimilation and metabolism in beef and dairy cattle" was to define the limits of small intestinal starch digestion and clarify regulatory mechanisms involved in starch assimilation in cattle. It was hypothesized that dietary protein plays a critical role in the regulation of intestinal digestion; however, studies clearly identifying this role were lacking. The first two experiments quantified starch digestion (disappearance from the small intestine) in response to known increments in duodenal protein supply and found that the quantity of DM, OM and starch disappearing from the small intestine increased linearly (P <.01) with protein infusion. A follow-up experiment also demonstrated that casein infusion linearly increased pancreatic a-amylase concentration and secretion rate. The final experiment provided critical data on metabolic fates of glucose derived from intestinal starch digestion. These data demonstrated that increasing postruminal starch supply does increase the metabolism of glucose by visceral tissues: however, this increase is minor (20%) compared with the increase in portal production (70%). These changes can have a dramatic impact on the glucose economy of the animal and result in large increases in the amount of glucose reaching peripheral tissues.

scholarly journals Specific features of impaired intestinal digestion, absorption, and microbiocenosis in patients with cholelithiasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya M Vakhrushev ◽  
А Р Lukashevich
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Small Intestinal

Aim. To perform a comprehensive study of intestinal digestion, absorption, and microbiocenosis in various stages of cholelithiasis (CL). Subjects and methods. A total of 76 patients with of CL, including 44 patients with its Stage I and 32 patients with Stage II, were examined. Mono-, di - and polysaccharide load tests and a scatological study were performed to evaluate the processes of digestion and absorption in the intestine. The hydrogen breath test using lactulose was carried out to study small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The state of colon microbiocenosis was determined by plating feces onto various selective nutrient media. Results. All digestive process stages in the small intestine were noted to be impaired in CL. In Stage I CL, cavitary digestion was mainly impaired; in Stage II, all digestive and absorptive processes were abnormal. Scatological examination in patients with Stage I CL revealed steatorrhea in 79.5%, creatorrhea in 75%, and amylorrhea in 36.4%. In Stage II CL, digestive and absorptive disorders progressed. SIBO was detected in 68.5% whereas in 70% of cases, it was located in the distal small intestine in the presence of insufficiency of the ileocecal sphincter apparatus. A regularity was found between the severity of SIBO and impaired small intestinal cavitary digestion. SIBO was more common in the pre-gallstone stage of CL than in its gallstone stage. Dysbiosis of the colon was detected in 100% of the examined patients with CL; moreover, as the latter progressed, dysbiosis worsened. Conclusion. There is new information about impaired intestinal digestion and microbiocenosis in patients with CL.

scholarly journals Abomasal glucose, maize starch and maize dextrin infusions in cattle: Small-intestinal disappearance, net portal glucose flux and ileal oligosaccharide flow

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Kreikemeier ◽  
D. L. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Glucose Flux ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Arterial Glucose

Three castrated male Holstein cattle (423 (SD 19) kg live weight) fitted with elevated carotid artery, portal, and mesenteric venous catheters, and abomasal and ileal cannulas were used to study small-intestinal starch digestion. The cattle were infused abomasally with water (275 ml/h), glucose (66 g/h), maize dextrin (66 g/h) or maize starch (66 g/h) in an incomplete Latin square design, with eight infusion periods. Infusion with carbohydrate resulted in higher arterial glucose concentrations and greater net portal glucose flux than when cattle were infused with water. Arterial glucose concentration and net portal glucose flux were highest when glucose was infused. In the small intestine, 85% of abomasally infused glucose, 78% of infused dextrin, and 66% of infused starch disappeared. Of the carbohydrate that disappeared in the small intestine, that which could be accounted for as net portal glucose flux was 73% for glucose, 60% for dextrin, and 57% for starch. Ileal digesta contained unpolymerized glucose, and short-chain soluble α-glucoside. Of the infused dextrin flowing past the ileum (14 g/h), 0·3 g/h was glucose, 6·2 g/h was soluble α-glucoside, and 7·5 g/h was insoluble α-glucoside. Of the infused starch flowing at the ileum (22·2 g/h), 0-9 g/h was glucose, 5·3 g/h was soluble α-glucoside, and 15·9 g/h was insoluble α-glucoside. The average chain lengths of the soluble α-glucosides in ileal digesta were 2·07 and 2·36 for dextrin and starch infusions respectively, indicating mostly di- and to a lesser extent trisaccharides. We conclude that (1) when 66 g raw starch is presented to the small intestine per h, about half of the intestinal disappearance appears as glucose in the portal vasculature, and (2) α-1,4 glucosidase (EC3.2.1.20) activity at the brush border is the rate-limiting step to small-intestinal starch digestion in cattle.

ANALYSIS OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES OF KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 384 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Zh. Abylkassimova ◽  
G. Orynbekova ◽  
М. Alibayeva ◽  
O. Osadchaya
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Economy

The article noted that the development of the innovation potential of enterprises in the regions of Kazakhstan contributes to the transition of the innovation economy, where goods with high added value will be produced. The article examines the factors affecting the innovation activity of the regions, considers the dynamics of innovation activity and identifies problems and tools for the development of innovative entrepreneurship. Key words: innovation, innovation activity, region, industrialization, human potential, infrastructure

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