Starch digestion site : influence of ruminal and abomasal starch infusion on starch digestion and utilization in dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Abramson ◽  
I. Bruckental ◽  
L. Lipshitz ◽  
U. Moalem ◽  
S. Zamwel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Starch Solution ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

AbstractThe effect of site of starch digestion on glucose metabolism in dairy cows was studied. Four multiparous Israeli-Holstein cows in mid lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. Average body weight of cows was 580 ± 38 kg, and average milk yield was 28 ± 3 kg/day. The cows were fitted with ruminal cannula and flexible T-cannulae in abomasum and ileum. Treatments were as follows : CON (control) : water was infused to the rumen. SR (starch-rumen) : 1.5 kg/day of maize starch solution was infused into the rumen. SA (starch-abomasum) : 1.5 kg/day of maize starch solution was infused into the abomasum. SCA (starch-casein-abomasum) : 500 g/day sodium caseinate and 1.5 kg/day of maize starch solution was infused into the abomasum. Total intake of dry matter (DM), was similar in all treatments and averaged 19.9 kg/day. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) intake averaged in 6.8 kg/day. The average TNC digested in the rumen was 4.95 kg/day for CON and SR cows and 3.34 kg/day for the SA and the SCA cows. The average TNC digestion in the small intestine was 1.18 kg/day for CON and SR cows and 2.41 kg/day for the SA and SCA cows. TNC digestibility in the small intestine was highest for the SCA cows at 0.83 as compared with other treatments. Concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin were similar between treatments. No difference between treatments in total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in ruminal fluids was observed. However, propionate proportion in total VFA was higher in the SR cows than in other treatments (P< 0.04). Milk yield and composition were not affected by treatments in the present study. It was concluded that the amount of dietary protein in the small intestine has a considerable effect on TNC digestibility. Under conditions of high milk production and high rumen-by-pass TNC flow, efficiency of TNC utilization might be greater since TNC is digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen.

Effect of abomasally infused casein on post-ruminal digestibility of total non-structural carbohydrates and milk yield and composition in dairy cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Abramson ◽  
I. Bruckental ◽  
S. Zamwel ◽  
A. Arieli
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Production Response

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the effect of abomasal infusion of casein on post-ruminal digestibility of starch and on milk yield and composition. Six multiparous Israeli Holstein cows in mid lactation, fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas, were used in a 3 ✕ 3 Latin-square experiment. Each cow received 1600 g maize starch infused into the abomasum. Treatments were: abomasal infusion of sodium caseinate at 0, 350, or 700 g casein daily. Chromium mordant neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a digesta marker. Casein infusion was associated with increases in post-ruminal and total-tract digestibility of non-structural carbohydrates and protein. Concentrations of rumen ammonia and of plasma insulin, glucose and urea were higher in casein-infused cows. Concentrations of milk protein and lactose and milk protein yield increased with casein infusion. Results indicate that increased protein flow to the abomasum can improve the yield of milk constituents in dairy cows. Digestibility and yield responses to infusion of 350 g casein per day were similar to those at 700 g/day. There was a tendency toward reduced milk protein efficiency in casein-infused cows. It is suggested that part of the production response can be related to a direct effect of protein supply and the rest can be explained by the indirect effect of improved carbohydrate availability in the small intestine.

Effects on milk yield and composition of intra-abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate, an enzymic hydrolysate of casein or soya-protein isolate in dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai-Jun Choung ◽  
David G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Protein ◽  
Soya Protein Isolate ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures

SummarySix lactating dairy cows receiving a diet of grass silage and barley were given the following treatments as infusions into the abomasum, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 10 d periods: sodium caseinate (C), an enzymic hydrolysate of casein (CH) and soya-protein isolate (SPI). The C and CH treatments supplied ~ 185 g/d and the SPI treatment ~ 160 g/d of amino acids. Milk yield was similar for all treatments. Yields of milk protsein were 605, 604 and 582 (P > 0·05) g/d for C, CH and SPI respectively. For C, CH and SPI respectively, concentrations (g/kg) of fat were 39·6, 45·7 and 41·9 and yields (g/d) of fat were 790, 931 and 827; values for CH were significantly (P < 0·01) higher than for either of the other treatments. It is concluded that the form in which amino acid residues of casein are supplied to the abomasum (protein v. peptide–amino acid mixtures) can influence the partition of use of nutrients between body tissues and the mammary gland.

scholarly journals Abomasal glucose, maize starch and maize dextrin infusions in cattle: Small-intestinal disappearance, net portal glucose flux and ileal oligosaccharide flow

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Kreikemeier ◽  
D. L. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Glucose Flux ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Arterial Glucose

Three castrated male Holstein cattle (423 (SD 19) kg live weight) fitted with elevated carotid artery, portal, and mesenteric venous catheters, and abomasal and ileal cannulas were used to study small-intestinal starch digestion. The cattle were infused abomasally with water (275 ml/h), glucose (66 g/h), maize dextrin (66 g/h) or maize starch (66 g/h) in an incomplete Latin square design, with eight infusion periods. Infusion with carbohydrate resulted in higher arterial glucose concentrations and greater net portal glucose flux than when cattle were infused with water. Arterial glucose concentration and net portal glucose flux were highest when glucose was infused. In the small intestine, 85% of abomasally infused glucose, 78% of infused dextrin, and 66% of infused starch disappeared. Of the carbohydrate that disappeared in the small intestine, that which could be accounted for as net portal glucose flux was 73% for glucose, 60% for dextrin, and 57% for starch. Ileal digesta contained unpolymerized glucose, and short-chain soluble α-glucoside. Of the infused dextrin flowing past the ileum (14 g/h), 0·3 g/h was glucose, 6·2 g/h was soluble α-glucoside, and 7·5 g/h was insoluble α-glucoside. Of the infused starch flowing at the ileum (22·2 g/h), 0-9 g/h was glucose, 5·3 g/h was soluble α-glucoside, and 15·9 g/h was insoluble α-glucoside. The average chain lengths of the soluble α-glucosides in ileal digesta were 2·07 and 2·36 for dextrin and starch infusions respectively, indicating mostly di- and to a lesser extent trisaccharides. We conclude that (1) when 66 g raw starch is presented to the small intestine per h, about half of the intestinal disappearance appears as glucose in the portal vasculature, and (2) α-1,4 glucosidase (EC3.2.1.20) activity at the brush border is the rate-limiting step to small-intestinal starch digestion in cattle.

scholarly journals Non-structural carbohydrates in the nutrition of high-yielding dairy cows during a transition period

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Poláková ◽  
V. Kudrna ◽  
A. Kodeš ◽  
B. Hučko ◽  
Z. Mudřík
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Milk Performance

The main aim of this study was to investigate experimentally the effect of different composition of non-structural carbohydrates (NFC) in prepartum feed rations administered to high-yielding dairy cows at a high concentration of NFC in the diet on dry matter intake both before and after parturition and on subsequent milk performance, body condition and physiological traits of rumen fluid and blood. Thirty-six high-yielding dairy cows were allocated into one of the three well-balanced groups (K, O, and C), and each group received a different feeding rations. Feeding rations differed in non-structural carbohydrate (NFC) structure. The "K" (control) group received a feeding ration with NFC in the form of maize starch in particular, while the feeding rations of the other two (experimental) groups contained either (besides maize starch) saccharose from dried sugar beet (the "O" group) or a dominant amount of NFC was in the form of saccharose (the "C" group). After calving, all dairy cows were given the same feeding ration from the first day after parturition. The experiment was conducted for 21 days before and 50 days after calving. FR in the form of total mixed ration was offered ad libitum. Dry matter intake, milk performance, body condition, live weight, and blood and rumen parameters were recorded for the duration of the experiment. Average daily dry matter intake before calving was highest in the "K" group (14.32 kg per head). Differences among groups were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). Prepartum dry matter consumption dropped as the rate of saccharose in the diet of cows increased. Dry matter consumption levelled off after calving. Milk yield was also highest in the "K" group (43.71 kg/head/day), but fatness of milk and thus the production of fat corrected milk were lowest in this group. The highest milk fat content (4.10%) and fat corrected milk production (44.03 kg/head/day) were recorded in the "C" group, whereas the highest milk protein concentration was found in the milk of the "O" group. The composition of NFC affected dry matter intake before parturition, but these concentrations did not significantly affect dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, live weight, body condition or blood serum and rumen fluid parameters after calving

scholarly journals Effect of pasture species on milk yield and milk composition

1995 ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Johnson ◽  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

One 10-day experiment in autumn 1994 then four 10-day experiments throughout the 1994195 lactation in a complete Latin square investigated the effect of pasture species on yield, composition and total colour of milk from dairy cows. Treatments were Grasslands Kopu white clover (Trifolium repens L.), Yatsyn- 1 perennial ryegrass (L&urn perenne L.), Grasslands Kahu timothy (Phfeum pratense L.) and Grasslands Kara cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) offered at similar allowances of green leaf. Cows grazing white clover produced higher (P

321 Extrusion of Grass Silage Increase Intake and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
Bengt Ove Rustas ◽  
Markos Managos ◽  
Torsten Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Cow Performance

Abstract This research evaluated effects of grass silage extrusion on dairy cow performance. A grass dominated (70% timothy, 26% meadow fescue, 3% red clover and 1% undefined) first cut ley was harvested on June 13, 2019, and 10 days later near Uppsala, Sweden (58°83′ N, 17°82′ E). Crops were wilted (45% DM for early cut, 50% DM for late cut), round baled and wrapped into plastic film for ensiling. At feeding out, bales were chopped in a TMR feeder, and a portion was processed in an extruder, where screws shear the material under pressure, for further particle size reduction and cell wall break up. Eight Swedish Red cows in two blocks (4 ruminally fistulated, 143 ± 38 DIM and 4 intact, 68 ± 10 DIM) were used in a Latin square design experiment with 4 periods of three weeks each and 4 treatments. The 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments included silage from early or late harvest that was chopped or extruded. Silage was fed separately ad libitum and supplemented (daily amounts on an as fed basis) with 2 kg of soybean meal, a compound feed (6 kg for fistulated and 8 kg for intact cows), and 120 g of a mineral mix. Extrusion increased silage DMI (1.8 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001) with greater effect at late harvest (P = 0.021 for interaction between processing and harvest) and milk yield (1.8 kg ECM/d, P = 0.004) with a tendency to greater effect at late harvest (P = 0.055). Extrusion depressed total tract OM digestibility (2.3 percentage points, P &lt; 0.001), eating time (0.5 h/d, P = 0.014), rumination time (2.0 h/d, P &lt; 0.001) and rumen pH (0.1 units, P = 0.008). Extrusion improves intake and milk production in dairy cows, despite depressed digestibility.

Feeding behaviour, food intake and milk production responses of lactating dairy cows to diets based on grass silage of high or low dry-matter content, supplemented with quickly and slowly fermentable energy sources

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Romney ◽  
V. Blunn ◽  
R. Sanderson ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Optimal Forage ◽  
Forage Utilization

AbstractTwelve dairy cows in early lactation were offered low (L; 215 g/kg) or high (H; 449 g/kg) dry matter(DM) content silages, prepared using material from the same sward. In addition, all animals received 9 kg/day, of supplements based on barley (B), sugar-beet pulp (SB) or a 50: 50 mixture of the two (B: SB), in two equal portions at 07:30 and 14:30 h. The six treatments were offered in an incomplete Latin square design. Mean intakes of H (14·4 kg DM per day) were significantly higher than intakes observed for L (10·0 kg DM per day) (P < 0·001). Within silage type, highest intakes were observed for cows receiving the SB supplement (P < 0·01). Higher intakes of H were reflected in higher total milk yield (P < 0·05) as well as fat (P < 0·05) and protein (P < 0·01) yield. Milk protein concentration was greater for animals receiving silage H (P < 0·001), with lower values being observed for animals consuming SB (P < 0·05), within silage type. Time spent eating, duration and number of meals were similar for either silage and the higher intakes of H silage reflected greater intake rates (g DM per min) (P < 0·001) resulting in larger meal sizes (P < 0·001). All chewing indices (time spent eating silage, ruminating and total time chewing per kg DM ingested) were greater for the L silage (P < 0·001). It is concluded that the benefits in forage intake with higher DM grass silages, for high yielding dairy cows, are associated with consequential benefits in milk yield and milk protein content. The most likely explanation for the greater intakes is a faster particle breakdown in the rumen allowing larger meal sizes before animals became constrained. The higher intakes of silage when animals consumed the SB supplement may be due to a slower rate of fermentation of the supplement, which was more closely matched to that of silage. Although not significant there was a tendency for differences in silage intake between animals receiving B compared with SB supplements to be greater for animals receiving the H silage suggesting that supplementation strategies to ensure optimal forage utilization may differ for silages of differing DM content.

scholarly journals Non-structural carbohydrates in the nutrition of high-yielding dairy cows during a transition period

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Poláková ◽  
V. Kudrna ◽  
A. Kodeš ◽  
B. Hučko ◽  
Z. Mudřík
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Milk Performance

The main aim of this study was to investigate experimentally the effect of different composition of non-structural carbohydrates (NFC) in prepartum feed rations administered to high-yielding dairy cows at a high concentration of NFC in the diet on dry matter intake both before and after parturition and on subsequent milk performance, body condition and physiological traits of rumen fluid and blood. Thirty-six high-yielding dairy cows were allocated into one of the three well-balanced groups (K, O, and C), and each group received a different feeding rations. Feeding rations differed in non-structural carbohydrate (NFC) structure. The "K" (control) group received a feeding ration with NFC in the form of maize starch in particular, while the feeding rations of the other two (experimental) groups contained either (besides maize starch) saccharose from dried sugar beet (the "O" group) or a dominant amount of NFC was in the form of saccharose (the "C" group). After calving, all dairy cows were given the same feeding ration from the first day after parturition. The experiment was conducted for 21 days before and 50 days after calving. FR in the form of total mixed ration was offered ad libitum. Dry matter intake, milk performance, body condition, live weight, and blood and rumen parameters were recorded for the duration of the experiment. Average daily dry matter intake before calving was highest in the "K" group (14.32 kg per head). Differences among groups were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). Prepartum dry matter consumption dropped as the rate of saccharose in the diet of cows increased. Dry matter consumption levelled off after calving. Milk yield was also highest in the "K" group (43.71 kg/head/day), but fatness of milk and thus the production of fat corrected milk were lowest in this group. The highest milk fat content (4.10%) and fat corrected milk production (44.03 kg/head/day) were recorded in the "C" group, whereas the highest milk protein concentration was found in the milk of the "O" group. The composition of NFC affected dry matter intake before parturition, but these concentrations did not significantly affect dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, live weight, body condition or blood serum and rumen fluid parameters after calving.

scholarly journals Effects of chitosan on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gomes de Paiva ◽  
Elmeson Ferreira de Jesus ◽  
Tiago Antonio Del Valle ◽  
Gustavo Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
Artur Gabriel Brao Vilas Boas Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Four Levels

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of providing increasing levels of chitosan on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood parameters, nitrogen utilisation, microbial protein synthesis, and milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows. Eight rumen-fistulated Holstein cows [average days in lactation = 215 ± 60.9; and average bodyweight (BW) = 641 ± 41.1 kg] were assigned into a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 21-day evaluation periods. Cows were assigned to be provided with four levels of chitosan, placed into the rumen through the fistula, as follows: (1) Control: with no provision of chitosan; (2) 75 mg/kg BW; (3) 150 mg/kg BW; and (4) 225 mg/kg BW. Chitosan had no effect on dry matter intake (P > 0.73); however, chitosan increased (P = 0.05) crude protein digestibility. Propionate concentration was increased (P = 0.02), and butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and acetate : propionate ratio were decreased (P ≤ 0.04) by chitosan. Chitosan had no effect (P > 0.25) on acetate, pH and NH3 ruminal concentration. Glucose, urea, and hepatic enzyme concentrations in the blood were similar (P > 0.30) among treatments. Nitrogen balance was not affected, but chitosan increased milk nitrogen (P = 0.02). Microbial protein synthesis was not affected by chitosan (P > 0.44). Chitosan increased (P = 0.02) milk yield, fat-corrected milk, protein and lactose production. Chitosan changes ruminal fermentation and improves milk yield of lactating dairy cows; therefore, we conclude that chitosan can be used as a rumen modulator instead of ionophores in diets for dairy cows.

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