scholarly journals The effects of cold exposure of pregnant sheep on foetal plasma nutrients, hormones and birth weight

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Thompson ◽  
J. M. Bassett ◽  
Debbie E. Samson ◽  
J. Slee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. Five pregnant sheep, with indwelling catheters positioned for withdrawal of maternal right-atrial and foetal arterial blood, were exposed for 2 h to neutral and to cold (– 1° and wool-clipped) environmental temperatures. Acute maternal cold exposure increased the concentrations of glucose, glycerol and non-esterified fatty acids in maternal plasma and increased the concentration of glucose in foetal plasma, but not glycerol or non-esterified fatty acids. The concentration of corticosteroids in maternal piasma increased. The concent ration of corticosteroids in foetal plasma did not change but the concentration of insulin increased.2. Thirteen pregnant sheep were housed at thermoneutrality and thirteen similar, sheep fed the same amount of food, were clipped and exposed to cold during the last 5– 6 weeks of pregnancy. Chronic maternal cold exposure increased the birth weight of both single and twin lambs.3. It is concluded that exposure of pregnant sheep to cold can alter the partition of some nutrients between mother and foetus in favour of the foetus, and it is suggested how this may be brought about.

Central sympathetic outflow to skeletal muscle: the major link between non-esterified fatty acids and elevated blood pressure?

2009 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Schlaich
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Central Sympathetic Outflow ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Sympathetic nervous system activation is a hallmark of several conditions associated with an adverse prognosis, including hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Proposed mediators of increased sympathetic drive include hyperinsulinaemia, leptin, NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids), pro-inflammatory cytokines, baroreflex impairment and others. The role of NEFAs appears to be of particular importance given the increased levels observed in human obesity and the experimental results linking the NEFA-induced pressor response to sympathetic activation. Findings from human studies have yielded conflicting results with regards to a sympathetically mediated association between NEFAs and elevated arterial blood pressure. In the present issue of Clinical Science, Florian and Pawelczyk present some interesting results obtained from a small number of healthy normotensive lean volunteers who were exposed to NEFA infusion and cardiovascular and sympathetic monitoring using state of the art methodology that appears to be in support of such a link. However, several methodological and conceptual considerations need to be taken into account when interpreting the results from this study. Put into perspective, the case for a substantial sympathetically mediated pressor response to NEFA infusion does not appear to be a very strong one.

The influence of energy intake on plasma levels of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and acetone in the pregnant ewe

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Davies ◽  
R. G. Johnston ◽  
D. B. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SummaryForty cross-bred ewes were individually fed from the end of week 13 of pregnancy to parturition on two diets whioh were designed to provide intakes of metabolizable energy above (treatment El) and below (treatment E2) the maintenance requirement of the non-pregnant ewe.Energy intake had no significant influence on birth weight of single lambs but twin lambs from ewes on treatment E1 were 25% heavier than twins from ewes on treatment E2. A net loss of body weight occurred between week 13 of pregnancy and the day following parturition in all groups of ewes. These losses represented 5 and 10% of body weight in ewes carrying singles on treatments E1 and E2 respectively. In ewes carrying twin lambs losses represented 11 and 16% of body weight on treatments E1 and E2 respectively.Levels of plasma N.E.F.A. and acetone were used to characterize the state of nourishment of ewes at 16, 18 and 20 weeks pregnant. Values obtained indicated that ewes carrying one lamb on treatment El were ‘moderately’ undernourished. Ewes carrying one lamb on treatment E2 and those carrying twin lambs on treatment E1 were undernourished to a similar degree characterized as bordering between ‘moderate’ and ‘severe’. Ewes carrying twin lambs on treatment E2 and all those carrying triplets were ‘severely’ undernourished.

Plasma non-esterified fatty acids in sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
EF Annison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Nefa Level

Concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in sheep were found to be within the range 0.1–0.9 m-equiv/l. Relatively high levels (1.0–2.5 m-equiv/l) occurred in pregnant and non-pregnant sheep when fasted. Intravenous injection of glucose (1.0 g/kg body wt.) depressed KEFA concentrations to levels of about 0.05 m-equiv/l. Insulin, injected intravenously, caused an initial fall in the NEFA level, followed by a sharp rise which was maintained throughout hypoglycaemia. These results suggest that in sheep, as in many other species, NEBA are of major metabolic importance.

scholarly journals The metabolism of circulating non-esterified fatty acids by the whole animal, hind-limb muscle and uterus of pregnant ewes

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Pethick ◽  
D. B. Lindsay ◽  
P. J. Barker ◽  
A. J. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Hind Limb Muscle

1. The over-all and regional metabolism of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was studied using a combination of isotopic and arteriovenous-difference techniques.2. There was a common linear relationship, whether stearic, palmitic or oleic acids were used as tracer, between the arterial NEFA concentration and the rates of entry and oxidation.3. Assuming that the tracer used reflected the metabolism of all the NEFA, the total entry rate in fed and fasted pregnant ewes was (mean±SE) 0·44±0·02 and 0·55±0·07 mmol/h per kg body-weight respectively. Oxidation of NEFA contributed (mean±SE) 34±5 and 58±7% to the respiratory carbon dioxide in fed and fasted animals, this accounting for (mean±SE) 46±6 and 59±3% of the respective entry rates.4. Hind-limb muscle both utilized and produced NEFA. The mean gross fractional extraction (calculated from isotopic uptake) was (mean±SE) 9±1%. Gross utilization of any NEFA and appearance of 14CO2 across the muscle were linearly related to the arterial concentration of tracer fatty acid, irrespective of whether this was oleate or stearate. The amount of 14CO2 appearing was consistent with (mean±SE) 54±8% of the CO2 produced by the hind-limb being derived from NEFA oxidation.5. Infused NEFA were partly converted to ketone bodies. Uptake and oxidation in the hind-limb of ketones formed in the liver could account for approximately 20% of the 14CO2 apparently produced in muscle from NEFA. Correction for this reduces the proportion of CO2 derived from NEFA to 43%. There was some indication that ketones were also produced from NEFA in the hind-limb.6. NEFA were not a significant energy source for the gravid uterus.7. An over-all view of energy sources for the whole animal and for hind-limb muscle in normal and fasted pregnant sheep was presented.

Exchange of Metabolites in the Leg of Exercising Juvenile Diabetic Subjects

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lyngsøe ◽  
J. P. Clausen ◽  
J. Trap-Jensen ◽  
L. Sestoft ◽  
O. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Juvenile Diabetes ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
And Control

1. Exchange of metabolic substrates was studied across the leg at rest and during a bicycle exercise demanding 50% of the maximal oxygen uptake in seven patients with juvenile diabetes and six control subjects. The leg blood flow and the femoral arterial and venous substrate concentrations were measured in the fasting state and, in the diabetic subjects, 24 h after the last administration of insulin. 2. At rest a close correlation was seen in the control subjects between the leg glucose uptake and the arterial insulin concentration. The diabetic subjects, including three patients in whom it could be shown that the insulin concentrations were extremely low, had a resting glucose uptake in the same order of magnitude as the control subjects. The glucose uptake was inversely related to the arterial concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids in both groups. 3. During exercise the glucose uptake increased in both patients and control subjects, but the increase was not related to arterial concentrations of insulin or non-esterified fatty acids. 4. The release of lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol from the leg was not different in diabetic and control subjects neither at rest nor during exercise. 5. The ketonaemia was increased in the diabetic subjects, but the uptake of total ketone bodies was not different in the two groups. No increase in the uptake of total ketone bodies in control and diabetic subjects was found during exercise. The leg uptake of acetoacetate was a function of the substrate load and tended to be higher in diabetic subjects during exercise, when no net uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate was found. 6. The above results suggest that the glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle at rest depends on the concentration of insulin and possibly also of non-esterified fatty acids in arterial blood. In contrast the glucose uptake during exercise is not related to the concentration of insulin or non-esterified fatty acids, which may explain why no differences in this aspect are seen between the leg metabolism of diabetic and normal subjects.

scholarly journals Cold exposure enhances fat utilization but not non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol or catecholamines availability during submaximal walking and running

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique D. Gagnon ◽  
Hannu Rintamäki ◽  
Sheila S. Gagnon ◽  
Stephen S. Cheung ◽  
Karl-Heinz Herzig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Fat Utilization ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Does maternal-fetal transfer of creatine occur in pregnant sheep?

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (1) ◽  
pp. E75-E83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Baharom ◽  
Robert De Matteo ◽  
Stacey Ellery ◽  
Paul Della Gatta ◽  
Clinton R. Bruce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Creatine Monohydrate ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Creatine Transporter ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Near Term

Our aim was to determine the disposition of creatine in ovine pregnancy and whether creatine is transferred across the placenta from mother to fetus. Pregnant ewes received either 1) a continuous intravenous infusion of creatine monohydrate or saline from 122 to 131 days gestation, with maternal and fetal arterial blood and amniotic fluid samples collected daily for creatine analysis and fetal tissues collected at necropsy at 133 days for analysis of creatine content, or 2) a single systemic bolus injection of [13C]creatine monohydrate at 130 days of gestation, with maternal and fetal arterial blood, uterine vein blood, and amniotic fluid samples collected before and for 4 h after injection and analyzed for creatine, creatine isotopic enrichment, and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA; precursor of creatine) concentrations. Presence of the creatine transporter-1 (SLC6A8) and l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT; the enzyme synthesizing GAA) proteins were determined by Western blots of placental cotyledons. The 10-day creatine infusion increased maternal plasma creatine concentration three- to fourfold ( P < 0.05) without significantly changing fetal arterial, amniotic fluid, fetal tissues, or placental creatine content. Maternal arterial 13C enrichment was increased ( P < 0.05) after bolus [13C]creatine injection without change of fetal arterial 13C enrichment. SLC6A8 and AGAT proteins were identified in placental cotyledons, and GAA concentration was significantly higher in uterine vein than maternal artery plasma. Despite the presence of SLC6A8 protein in cotyledons, these results suggest that creatine is not transferred from mother to fetus in near-term sheep and that the ovine utero-placental unit releases GAA into the maternal circulation.

Maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and features of fetal health: Fetal growth velocity, birth weight and duration of pregnancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1367-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina H. Grootendorst-van Mil ◽  
Henning Tiemeier ◽  
Jolien Steenweg-de Graaff ◽  
Berthold Koletzko ◽  
Hans Demmelmair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Fetal Health ◽  
Duration Of Pregnancy
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