scholarly journals Nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children receiving the safe level of protein at varying levels of energy

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok K. Iyengar ◽  
B. S. Narasinga Rao ◽  
Vinodini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Safe Level

1. A study was carried out to determine the effects of varying the level of energy intake on nitrogen balance in preschool children receiving the safe requirement level of protein, determined in an earlier study.2. Seven preschool children received four energy levels, i.e. 293, 334, 376 and 418kJ/kg body-weight at the safe level of protein intake of 1·75 g/kg body-weight and N balance determined.3. The N balance decreased with a decrease in energy intake. However, the N balance was positive at all levels of energy intake studied.4. Results indicated that at a protein intake of 1·75 g/kg body-weight the minimum level of energy intake for a retention of 40 mg N/kg body-weight in these children was found to be 326·2±45·5 (mean ± SD) kJ/kg body-weight. Below this energy intake the safe level of protein intake became inadequate.

scholarly journals Effect of varying protein and energy intakes on nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Iyengar ◽  
B. S. Narasinga Rao ◽  
Vinodini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Safe Level

1. The effect of varying protein intake at two energy levels of 334 and 418 KJ/kg body-weight was studied in four preschool children belonging to the low socio-economic group.2. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between N intake and N retention. From this relationship, the protein requirement of the children at adequate energy intake was calculated.3. At adequate energy intake (418 KJ/kg body-weight) the protein requirement of the children was 1.33 g /kg. On decreasing the energy intake by 20% to 334 KJ /kg body-weight the protein requirement was found to be increased by 20% to 1.64 g/kg.4. Based on this study, a safe level of protein intake for Indian preschool children subsisting on a diet based predominantly on vegetable proteins has been suggested.

scholarly journals Long-term evaluation of the adequacy of habitual diets to provide protein needs of adult Nigerian men

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Atinmo ◽  
G. Egun ◽  
C. M. F. Mbofung
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Nigerian Men ◽  
Term Evaluation

1. A continuous 40 d metabolic nitrogen balance study was conducted on twelve young men aged 25 (sd 2.6) years to evaluate the adequacy of a previously determined safe level of protein intake.2. Subjects were fed on diets which they were habitually accustomed to and which provided a protein level of 0.75 g protein (N × 6.25)/kg body-weight per d as the safe level and an energy intake level of 0.2 MJ/kg body-weight per d. N balances, including an estimate for integumental losses as well as certain biochemical variables, were determined for the last 5 d of two consecutive 20 d diet periods.3. Only two of the twelve subjects were observed to be in negative N balance during the final 5 d of the 40 d period. N balance was generally positive at 8.24 (sd 8.61) mg N/kg body-weight, thus confirming the adequacy of 0.75 g protein/kg body-weight per d as a safe level of protein intake in the majority of the subjects.

scholarly journals Effects of live weight and energy intake on nitrogen balance and total N requirements of lambs

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Black ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
N Requirement

1. Results of 298 nitrogen balance studies from experiments with male cross-bred lambs, ranging in weight from 3 to 38 kg, which had been either fasted, or fed entirely on liquid diets of varying protein content at various energy intakes up to ad lib. intake, were used to quantitatively describe the effects of the amount and quality of absorbed protein, energy intake and live weight on N balance and total N requirement of lambs.2. When N intake was less than the amount required, N balance was independent of energy intake, but linearly related to absorbed N and metabolic body-weight (live weight0·75). In the fitted relationship, the coefficient of absorbed N was shown to be an estimate of the biological value of absorbed protein and the coefficient of metabolic body-weight was an estimate of the loss of endogenous N in both urine and faeces. For the milk-based diets used in the experiment biological value was 0·72 and the total endogenous N loss in urine and faeces was 148 mg N/kg0·75 per d.3. When N intake was in excess of the amount required, N balance in lambs of a constant live weight increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, at a rate that decreased with increasing live weight. Similarly at constant ME intake, N balance was a curvilinear decreasing function of metabolic body-weight. When N balance was expressed per unit metabolic body-weight, it was constant for lambs of all weights when ME intake was about 0·23 MJ/kg0·75 per d, but it decreased linearly with increasing metabolic body-weight for ME intakes above this level.4. N balance of fasted lambs was several times less than predicted by either of the relationships established for fed animals, and was found to be linearly related to metabolic body-weight.5. The effects of energy intake and live weight on the total N requirement of lambs were determined. When total N requirement was expressed per unit of energy intake, it was found to be constant at 0·9 g N/MJ ME for all lambs irrespective of live weight when ME intake was 0·23 MJ/kg0·7 per d. However, as ME intake/unit metabolic body-weight was raised above this level, N requirement/unit ME intake increased for lambs weighing less than c. 23 kg, but decreased for heavier animals.

scholarly journals Human protein requirements: evaluation of the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of protein intake for young men at high energy intakes

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Garza ◽  
N. S. Scrimshaw ◽  
V. R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Young Men ◽  
High Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Positive Balance

1. Six Caucasian male Massachusetts Institute of Technology students participated in a 77–87 d metabolic balance study to determine the adequacy of the 1973 FAO/WHO egg protein allowance for men (0.57 g/kg body-weight per d). Each subject was given an initial energy allowance calculated to meet his particular requirements, and these intakes were raised by increments of 10% approximately every 2 weeks until a slightly positive balance was achieved. Each individual's energy intake was maintained at this final level for the remainder of the study.2. At energy intakes sufficient to meet their estimated requirements, five of six subjects were in negative nitrogen balance. In five subjects, N balance improved with increased energy intake until N balance was achieved. The mean change in N balance was 0.335 mg N/additional kJ consumed. All of the subjects gained weight at the higher energy intakes.3. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased with continued intake of the experimental diet and reached abnormal levels in five of the six subjects. In the two subjects showing the earliest increases in serum transferase activity, the levels returned towards normal when protein intake was raised to 0.73–1.0 g/kg body-weight per d. All subjects showed normal serum transferase values on an ad lib. diet 2–3 weeks after termination of the study.4. The findings indicate that at energy intakes necessary to bring subjects into slightly positive N balance at the level of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d, a significant proportion of young adults continue to gain weight for as long as 70 d.5. These findings suggest that the 1973 FAO/WHO safe allowance of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d is not sufficient for most healthy young men receiving dietary energy intakes appropriate for long-term maintenance of body-weight.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

Nutritional Practices of Elite Female Surfers during Training and Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni M. Felder ◽  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Brian J. Lowdon ◽  
David Cameron-Smith ◽  
Gregory R. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary practices of 10 elite female surfers. Four- and five-day food diaries completed over competition and training periods demonstrated energy intakes (mean ± SD) of 9,468 kJ (±2,007) and 8,397 kJ (±1,831), respectively. This level of energy intake was less than that estimated for the requirements of surfing. Female surfers' carbohydrate intakes failed to meet the recommendations, and suboptimal zinc intake was observed with 90% of subjects not meeting the Australian RDI. Comparisons between competition and training demonstrated that carbohydrate (g and g/kg body weight) and confectionary (g) intakes were significantly higher (p < .05) and protein intake was significantly lower (p < .05) during competition. These results show that although body fat stores were not compromised (mean 22%), self-reported energy, carbohydrate, and nutrient intakes were marginal in elite female surfers. Questionnaires revealed that 90% of surfers did not have good nutritional habits while traveling, which was compounded by a lack of knowledge of nutritional practices.

scholarly journals Tempe Nuggets Provision Improves Energy Adequacy and Protein Intake in Underweight Underfive Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktavina Permatasari ◽  
Retno Murwani ◽  
M. Zen Rahfiludin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Soybean Food ◽  
And Control

Tempe is a well known fermented soybean food, inexpensive, and a good source of dietary protein and energy. To improve fresh Tempe as an attractive food to children, Tempe is processed into nugget. A study using pre and post control group design was conducted to determine the effect of the Tempe nugget provision on energy and protein intake, and body weight/age (W/A) of 24-59 months old children. Forty six subjects were selected according to inclusion criteria from local Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and grouped into intervention (provision of Tempe nugget) and control group (no provision). Data of energy and protein intake of subjects before intervention were obtained by 2x24 food recall to determine deficiency in intake for the respective age. The amount of the nugget given to each underweight child in intervention group was calculated on the basis of deficiency in energy and protein intake of each child (W/A) per day. Body weight was recorded pre and post intervention. The deep-fried nuggets contained 276.53 calories per 100 g, 8.60% protein, 28.41% carbohydrate, 13.28% lipid, and 44.28% fiber. The mean age of the subjects in intervention and control group were homogeneous i.e. 40.52±10.88 months and 42.39±12.35 months respectively. Tempe nugget provision for 30 days improved significantly energy intake (p 0.001) in intervention compared to control group. Protein intake and W/A in intervention group were higher compared to control although not significant and further study with higher amount of Tempe nugget provision is needed. This study provides evidence that deep fried Tempe nugget can be used as inexpensive and nutritious food to improve protein and energy intake for underweight underfive children.

Energy and protein intake in relation to growth of suckling black-tailed deer fawns

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. F. S. Sadleir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Behavioural Aspects ◽  
Effect On Growth

Milk and solid food consumption of energy and protein were measured in suckling Odocoileus heminonus columbianus fawns to 3 months of age. Fawns 7 to 10 days old consumed 175 g milk/kg0.75∙body weight∙day−1 which declined to 40 g/kg0.7S∙day−1 by 61 to 70 days. Mean daily digestible energy intake of milk and solids was 247 kcal/kg0.75∙day−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J) and protein intake was 10.7 g/kg075∙day−1. Fawns started effective eating of solids around 30 days and by 90 days >80% of their energy intake was from solids. Some does continued to lactate for another 4 months, indicating that the metabolic and behavioural aspects of weaning can be separated in time. Growth for the first month of age was positively correlated with milk consumption, and growth rates up to 1,2, and 3 months were inversely correlated with birth weights but not to 4 months or older. Growth rates to 2 months were positively correlated with maternal growth rates to the same ages suggesting a genotypic and (or) prenatal effect on growth of fawns.

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