scholarly journals Human protein requirements: evaluation of the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of protein intake for young men at high energy intakes

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Garza ◽  
N. S. Scrimshaw ◽  
V. R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Young Men ◽  
High Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Positive Balance

1. Six Caucasian male Massachusetts Institute of Technology students participated in a 77–87 d metabolic balance study to determine the adequacy of the 1973 FAO/WHO egg protein allowance for men (0.57 g/kg body-weight per d). Each subject was given an initial energy allowance calculated to meet his particular requirements, and these intakes were raised by increments of 10% approximately every 2 weeks until a slightly positive balance was achieved. Each individual's energy intake was maintained at this final level for the remainder of the study.2. At energy intakes sufficient to meet their estimated requirements, five of six subjects were in negative nitrogen balance. In five subjects, N balance improved with increased energy intake until N balance was achieved. The mean change in N balance was 0.335 mg N/additional kJ consumed. All of the subjects gained weight at the higher energy intakes.3. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased with continued intake of the experimental diet and reached abnormal levels in five of the six subjects. In the two subjects showing the earliest increases in serum transferase activity, the levels returned towards normal when protein intake was raised to 0.73–1.0 g/kg body-weight per d. All subjects showed normal serum transferase values on an ad lib. diet 2–3 weeks after termination of the study.4. The findings indicate that at energy intakes necessary to bring subjects into slightly positive N balance at the level of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d, a significant proportion of young adults continue to gain weight for as long as 70 d.5. These findings suggest that the 1973 FAO/WHO safe allowance of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d is not sufficient for most healthy young men receiving dietary energy intakes appropriate for long-term maintenance of body-weight.

scholarly journals Long-term evaluation of the adequacy of habitual diets to provide protein needs of adult Nigerian men

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Atinmo ◽  
G. Egun ◽  
C. M. F. Mbofung
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Nigerian Men ◽  
Term Evaluation

1. A continuous 40 d metabolic nitrogen balance study was conducted on twelve young men aged 25 (sd 2.6) years to evaluate the adequacy of a previously determined safe level of protein intake.2. Subjects were fed on diets which they were habitually accustomed to and which provided a protein level of 0.75 g protein (N × 6.25)/kg body-weight per d as the safe level and an energy intake level of 0.2 MJ/kg body-weight per d. N balances, including an estimate for integumental losses as well as certain biochemical variables, were determined for the last 5 d of two consecutive 20 d diet periods.3. Only two of the twelve subjects were observed to be in negative N balance during the final 5 d of the 40 d period. N balance was generally positive at 8.24 (sd 8.61) mg N/kg body-weight, thus confirming the adequacy of 0.75 g protein/kg body-weight per d as a safe level of protein intake in the majority of the subjects.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children receiving the safe level of protein at varying levels of energy

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok K. Iyengar ◽  
B. S. Narasinga Rao ◽  
Vinodini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Safe Level

1. A study was carried out to determine the effects of varying the level of energy intake on nitrogen balance in preschool children receiving the safe requirement level of protein, determined in an earlier study.2. Seven preschool children received four energy levels, i.e. 293, 334, 376 and 418kJ/kg body-weight at the safe level of protein intake of 1·75 g/kg body-weight and N balance determined.3. The N balance decreased with a decrease in energy intake. However, the N balance was positive at all levels of energy intake studied.4. Results indicated that at a protein intake of 1·75 g/kg body-weight the minimum level of energy intake for a retention of 40 mg N/kg body-weight in these children was found to be 326·2±45·5 (mean ± SD) kJ/kg body-weight. Below this energy intake the safe level of protein intake became inadequate.

Nutritional Practices of Elite Female Surfers during Training and Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni M. Felder ◽  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Brian J. Lowdon ◽  
David Cameron-Smith ◽  
Gregory R. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary practices of 10 elite female surfers. Four- and five-day food diaries completed over competition and training periods demonstrated energy intakes (mean ± SD) of 9,468 kJ (±2,007) and 8,397 kJ (±1,831), respectively. This level of energy intake was less than that estimated for the requirements of surfing. Female surfers' carbohydrate intakes failed to meet the recommendations, and suboptimal zinc intake was observed with 90% of subjects not meeting the Australian RDI. Comparisons between competition and training demonstrated that carbohydrate (g and g/kg body weight) and confectionary (g) intakes were significantly higher (p < .05) and protein intake was significantly lower (p < .05) during competition. These results show that although body fat stores were not compromised (mean 22%), self-reported energy, carbohydrate, and nutrient intakes were marginal in elite female surfers. Questionnaires revealed that 90% of surfers did not have good nutritional habits while traveling, which was compounded by a lack of knowledge of nutritional practices.

The effect of level and pattern of energy intake during late pregnancy on the performance of housed Scottish Blackface ewes

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Constant Energy

SUMMARYSixty Scottish Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) were given during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. In two treatments 1600 and 2000 kcal M E were given daily over the total period while in the remaining treatments daily ME intakes were 1200 and 1600 kcal ME during the first 3 weeks of the feeding period and 2000 and 2400 kcal ME during the last 3 weeks. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intakes were constant at approximately 30 g per head daily in the constant energy treatments and 15 and 45 g per head daily in the first and second periods respectively for the low-high energy treatments.Energy intake had no statistically significant effect on lamb birth weight nor on ewe net body-weight change (change from the start of the experimental feeding period to immediately post partum). Ewes on low-high energy intakes had a significantly lower net body-weight loss than did ewes on constant energy intakes. Pattern of feeding had no significant effect on lamb birth weights. Negative nitrogen balances were found during the first feeding period where the daily DCP intake was approximately 15 g per head.

scholarly journals Tempe Nuggets Provision Improves Energy Adequacy and Protein Intake in Underweight Underfive Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktavina Permatasari ◽  
Retno Murwani ◽  
M. Zen Rahfiludin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Soybean Food ◽  
And Control

Tempe is a well known fermented soybean food, inexpensive, and a good source of dietary protein and energy. To improve fresh Tempe as an attractive food to children, Tempe is processed into nugget. A study using pre and post control group design was conducted to determine the effect of the Tempe nugget provision on energy and protein intake, and body weight/age (W/A) of 24-59 months old children. Forty six subjects were selected according to inclusion criteria from local Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and grouped into intervention (provision of Tempe nugget) and control group (no provision). Data of energy and protein intake of subjects before intervention were obtained by 2x24 food recall to determine deficiency in intake for the respective age. The amount of the nugget given to each underweight child in intervention group was calculated on the basis of deficiency in energy and protein intake of each child (W/A) per day. Body weight was recorded pre and post intervention. The deep-fried nuggets contained 276.53 calories per 100 g, 8.60% protein, 28.41% carbohydrate, 13.28% lipid, and 44.28% fiber. The mean age of the subjects in intervention and control group were homogeneous i.e. 40.52±10.88 months and 42.39±12.35 months respectively. Tempe nugget provision for 30 days improved significantly energy intake (p 0.001) in intervention compared to control group. Protein intake and W/A in intervention group were higher compared to control although not significant and further study with higher amount of Tempe nugget provision is needed. This study provides evidence that deep fried Tempe nugget can be used as inexpensive and nutritious food to improve protein and energy intake for underweight underfive children.

scholarly journals A study of the protein requirements of the mature breeding ewe

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
N Retention

1. An experiment was carried out in which protein utilization in the pregnant ewe was studied using the nitrogen balance technique.2. Eight diets supplying four different intakes of crude protein and two different intakes of energy were each offered to eight individually penned ewes.3. The mean crude protein intakes per day were 7·2, 5·5, 4·1 and 3·0 g/kg W0·73 (where W = body-weight) and the metabolizable energy intakes 134 and 113 kcal/kg W0·73.4. N balances were carried out at 10–12, 14–16 and 18–20 weeks of gestation on five ewes from each treatment.5. The apparent digestibility of both dry matter and crude protein decreased with decreasing protein intake. With the high energy intake, the apparent dry-matter digestibility was increased and the apparent digestibility of crude protein decreased. Stage of gestation had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of either of these constituents.6. N retention was not affected by the number of foetuses carried. With the higher energy intake and the higher protein intakes, the absolute retention of N was significantly increased at all stages of gestation. N retention increased with advancing pregnancy; the retentions at 10–12, 14–16 and 18–20 weeks of gestation being 0·086, 0·114 and 0·163 g/kg W0·73 per day respectively.7. The efficiency of utilization of apparently digested N was calculated from the regression of retained N as a percentage of apparently digested N against apparently digested N.8. The daily intakes of apparently digested N required for maximum efficiency were 0·551 and 0·620 g/kg W0·73 on the high and low energy intakes respectively. The daily intake for maximum efficiency decreased with advancing pregnancy, the values being 0·623, 0·587 and 0·567 g/kg W0·73 for the 10–12, 14–16 and 18–20 weeks of gestation respectively.9. The levels of N retained at maximum efficiency were 0·235 and 0·202 g/kg W0·73 per day for the high and low energy intakes respectively. The levels of N retained increased during pregnancy from 0·170 g/kg W0·73 per day at 10–12 weeks to 0·286 g/kg W0·73 at 18–20 weeks. The requirements for zero N balance were 0·072 and 0·153 g apparently digested N/kg W0·73 per day for the high and low energy intakes respectively. The requirement for zero N balance decreased from 0·176 g/kg W0·73 per day at 10–12 weeks to 0·071 g/kg W0·73 at 18–20 weeks.10. The results are discussed in relation to other research findings and current recommendations.

Short Stature Is Associated With Overweight but Not With High Energy Intake in Low-Income Quilombola Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroldo da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Andreza A. Luna ◽  
Telma Maria M. T. Florêncio ◽  
Monica L. Assunção ◽  
Bernardo L. Horta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Short Stature ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype ◽  
High Energy Intake

Background: Population exposed to chronic undernutrition in early life seems to be more susceptible to obesity in adulthood due to the development of mechanisms that improve the efficiency of energy use. Therefore, these individuals have relatively reduced energy requirements (thrifty phenotype). Objective: To investigate, among women living on severe socioeconomic vulnerability, whether short stature, a marker for undernutrition in early life, is associated with excess body weight but not with a high energy intake. Methods: This cross-sectional study, carried out between July and November 2008, evaluated 1308 women from all (N = 39) Quilombola communities of Alagoas. Adequacy of energy intake was estimated by the ratio between energetic ingestion and the estimated energy requirement (EER). Results: The prevalence of short stature (≤ 154.8 cm) was 43.0% and 52.4% had excess body weight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2), being that 33.1% were overweight and 19.3% obese. Excess body weight was higher among women with short stature (56.6% vs 49.2%; P = .008), even after adjusting for age, energy intake, and per capita income (prevalence ratio = 1.16; 95% confidence interval = 1.04; 1.28). The ratio of energy intake/EER was independent of women’s stature. Conclusion: Excess body weight among Quilombola women represents a serious health problem. Short stature was significantly associated with excess body weight but not with a high energy intake. “Thrifty phenotype” may be one of the plausible explanations for this finding.

scholarly journals Does regular walnut consumption lead to weight gain?

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Sabaté ◽  
Zaida Cordero-MacIntyre ◽  
Gina Siapco ◽  
Setareh Torabian ◽  
Ella Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Dietary Compliance ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Diet Control

Studies consistently show the beneficial effects of eating nuts, but as high-energy foods, their regular consumption may lead to weight gain. We tested if daily consumption of walnuts (approximately 12% energy intake) for 6 months would modify body weight and body composition in free-living subjects. Ninety participants in a 12-month randomized cross-over trial were instructed to eat an allotted amount of walnuts (28–56g) during the walnut-supplemented diet and not to eat them during the control diet, with no further instruction. Subjects were unaware that body weight was the main outcome. Dietary compliance was about 95% and mean daily walnut consumption was 35g during the walnut-supplemented diet. The walnut-supplemented diet resulted in greater daily energy intake (557kJ (133kcal)), which should theoretically have led to a weight gain of 3·1kg over the 6-month period. For all participants, walnut supplementation increased weight (0·4 (se 0·1) kg), BMI (0·2 (se 0·1) kg/m2), fat mass (0·2 (se 0·1) kg) and lean mass (0·2 (se 0·1) kg). But, after adjusting for energy differences between the control and walnut-supplemented diets, no significant differences were observed in body weight or body composition parameters, except for BMI (0·1 (se 0·1) kg/m2). The weight gain from incorporating walnuts into the diet (control→walnut sequence) was less than the weight loss from withdrawing walnuts from the diet (walnut→control sequence). Our findings show that regular walnut intake resulted in weight gain much lower than expected and which became non-significant after controlling for differences in energy intake.

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