scholarly journals Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Maize Oil

1. Digesta were collected from twenty-three pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, and fitted with single Ash re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.2. Three approximately isonitrogenous diets were used; they contained: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF), starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The flow-rates of nitrogen (N), liquid-fraction N (LN) and non-protein liquid-fraction N (NPLN) were measured hourly in the duodenum and jejunum and every 6 h in the ileum during 24 h collection periods. Faeces were collected during 5 d periods.4. Marked increases in flow of N, LN and NPLN were seen in the duodenum and jejunum after feeding each diet, but not in the ileum.5. Values for, N output: intake from the duodenal, jejunal or ideal cannulas and in faeces in 24 h periods were respectively: 0.98, 0.88, 0.25 and 0.21 for diet BWF; 1.00, 0.97, 0.22 and 0.24 for diet SSG; 0.98, 0.73, 0.09 and 0.03 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for LN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.53, 0.53 and 0.12 for diet BWF; 0.46, 0.60 and 0.13 for diet SSG; 0.57, 0.50 and 0.06 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for NPLN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.41, 0.38 and 0.09 for diet BWF; 0.35, 0.36 and 0.08 for diet SSG; 0.46, 0.38 and 0.04 for diet SSC.6. The results are discussed in relation to similar studies, particularly in pigs with duodenal cannulas, in which widely different observations were made.

Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Low ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
I. E. Sambrook
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Maize Oil

1. Digesta were collected from twenty-three pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, and fitted with single Ash re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.2. The diets contained: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The flow-rates of dry matter (dm), ash and water were measured hourly in the duodenum and jejunum, and every 6 h in the ileum during 24 h collection periods. Faeces were collected during 5 d periods.4. Marked increases in the flow rates of each of the digesta components after feeding each diet were observed in the duodenum and jejunum, but not in the ileum. The total flow in 24 h periods was much lower in the ileum than at the other sites.5. Values for the ratio, dm output:intake for dm outputs from the duodenal, jejunal or ileal cannulas, and in faeces, in 24 h periods were respectively 0.94, 0.81, 0.28 and 0.22 for diet BWF; 0.96, 0.76, 0.20 and 0.15 for diet SSG; 0.96, 0.73, 0.08 and 0.04 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for ash were: 1.47, 1.65, 0.74 and 0.53 for diet BWF; 1.28, 1.34, 0.59 and 0.51 for diet SSG; 1.63, 1.35, 0.50 and 0.26 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for water were: 3.49, 3.41, 0.88 and 0.18 for diet BWF, 2.75, 2.80, 0.80 and 0.08 for diet SSG and 2.61, 1.87, 0.23 and 0.01 for diet SSC.

scholarly journals The activity of pepsin, chymotrypsin and trypsin during 24 h periods in the small intestine of growing pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maize Oil

1. Digesta were collected from twenty-two pigs, of 40 kg mean live weight, and fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum.2. Three approximately isonitrogenous diets were given to the pigs; their main constituents were: barley, fine wheat offal and white fish meal (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The activities of pepsin, chymotrypsin and trypsin were measured every hour in duodenal digesta during 24 h collection periods. Chymotrypsin and trypsin were also measured every hour in jejunal digesta and every 6 h in ileal digesta, during 24 h collection periods.4. The mean total pepsin activities in the duodenal digesta during 24 h collection periods (units for a 40 kg pig given 1·7 kg diet) were: 7764400 (diet BWF), 6078400 (diet SSG), 5801 600 (diet SSC).5. The mean total chymotrypsin activities (units for a 40 kg pig given 1·7 kg diet) in digesta in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 62920, 59560, 21 880 (diet BWF), 78240, 68400, 24680 (diet SSG). 75280, 76120, 6160 (diet SSC).6. The mean total trypsin activities (units for a 40 kg pig given 1·7 kg diet) in digesta from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, respectively were: 256840, 362840, 77600 (diet BWF), 211 200, 205280. 46720 (diet SSG) 325720, 428560, 13600 (diet SSC).7. It was calculated that the total weights of pepsin, chymotrypsin and trypsin in duodenal digesta in 24 h periods were between 6·2 and 7·1 g. This represents 20–25% of previously published estimates of the amounts of endogenous protein in this part of the gut.

scholarly journals Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids

1. Digesta were collected from seventeen pigs initially of 30 kg live weight fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.2. The pigs received three types of diet containing: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals and vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. Amino acids were measured in samples representative of the digesta flow in 24 h periods and in the faeces collected in 5 d periods.4. For each diet the total flow in 24 h periods in the duodenum for aspartic acid, threonine, serine and glycine exceeded or equalled intake, while the amounts of the other amino acids were usually rather less than intake.5. For each diet in the jejunum, the amounts of glycine and cystine exceeded intake in 24 h periods, while methionine, arginine and tyrosine were the most rapidly absorbed amino acids anterior to the cannula site. On average 0.22, 0.25 and 0.31 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively.6. For each diet in the ileum, the least apparently absorbed dietary amino acids were glycine and cystine. On average 0.81, 0.83 and 0.95 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively.7. There was net disappearance of most amino acids in the large intestine, but some net accumulation occurred in this region.8. The results are discussed in relation to the amino acid composition of endogenous secretions (particularly glycine in bile), protease and peptidase specificity, free amino acid absorption and the role of the microflora in the large intestine.

scholarly journals Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Sambrook
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Site Of Absorption ◽  
Maize Oil

1. Seventeen pigs were fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum (posterior to the entry of the bile and pancreativ ducts), the mid-jejunum, or the terminal ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.2. Three diets were used: these contained barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut meal (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The quantities of total carbohydrate (TC), total reducing substances (TRS) and glucose (G) passing through the re-entrant cannulas and excreted in the faeces in 24 h were measured. These were used to determine the net absorption of the carbohydrate fractions in the different regions of the intestine.4. The small intestine was the principal site of absorption of TC, TRS and G, but there were differences between the diets in the quantities of each of these carbohydrate fractions that were absorbed in the different regions of the small intestine studied.5. The quantities of TRS and G in solution were very low for all diets at all sites, indicating that the rate of absorption of the products of hydrolysis kept pace with their rate of formation.

A note on the effect of sudden changes in the composition of the diet of growing pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-317
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Per Se

SUMMARYTwo diets, one based on barley and white-fish meal and the other on oats, wheat and meat and bone meal, with similar concentrations of digestible energy, crude protein, lysine and methionine+cystine were used to investigate the effects of sudden changes in the composition of the diet on the performance of pigs growing from 32 kg live weight, over a period of 77 days.The diets were given separately, alternated weekly with sudden changes from one diet to the other, or as a 1:1 mixture.Changes in diet per se had insignificant effects on performance.

scholarly journals Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Sambrook
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Pancreatic Ducts ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Groundnut Meal

1. Seventeen pigs fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum (posterior to the point of entry of the bile and pancreatic ducts), the mid-jejunum, or the terminal ileum, and a further twenty-four non-cannulated pigs were used.2. Three diets were used: these contained barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut meal (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The quantities of total lipid (TL), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) passing through the re-entrant cannulas and excreted in the faeces in 24 h were measured. These were used to determine the net absorption (or synthesis or secretion) in the different regions of the intestine.4. There was substantial secretion of TL into the proximal small intestine and major absorption from the distal portion for all three diets. In the large intestine there was little or no further net absorption for diets SSG and SSC, but significant synthesis or secretion for diet BWF.5. Fibre digestion occurred in both the small and large intestines and the apparent absorption of ADF in the different regions studied was influenced by diet.6. There were detectable amounts of VFA at all sites but only at the ileum and in the faeces could they be accurately measured. Diet did not affect the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate in ileal digesta, but did have an effect on these VFA in the faeces.

scholarly journals The value of hydrocarbon-grown yeast as a source of protein for growing pigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
A. W. Myres
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
British Petroleum ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protein Diets

1. The yeast grown on normal paraffins (British Petroleum Proteins Ltd, London) contained 62% crude protein and, except for lower content of methionine, its amino acid composition was similar to that of white fish meal.2. The value to growing pigs of yeast + methionine as a protein supplement to diets based on barley and fine wheat offal was compared with that of white fish meal. The two protein supplements supplied the same amount of total nitrogen and were compared at a ‘standard’ level, commonly used in practice, and at a ‘low’ level. Two experiments were conducted: a feeding trial covering the live-weight range from 20 to 90 kg, and a metabolic trial (20–60 kg live weight) in which N retention and digestibility were measured.3. There was a small but significant difference in favour of the yeast treatment for growth rate and feed conversion ratio, but there were no consistent differences in the linear measurements of the carcasses due to protein source.4. In the metabolic trial there was no significant difference in performance, N retention, apparent N digestibility or linear carcass measurements and no consistent difference in tissue components, between the diets supplemented with yeast or fish meal.5. In pigs given the ‘low’-protein diets, performance and most of the other variables measured were significantly poorer than in those given the ‘standard’ protein diets, irrespective of whether yeast or fish meal was the source of supplementary protein.6. It is concluded that yeast (+ methionine) may be closely equated with high-quality fish meal as a protein supplement in diets for growing pigs. The small differences found are discussed in relation to possible differences in availability of amino acids and energy values in the diets.

scholarly journals The influence of diet on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of growing pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
A. G. Low ◽  
I. E. Sambrook ◽  
T. Corring
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Carboxypeptidase A ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. Pancreatic juice was collected from six pigs of 48 kg initial weight fitted with a collection catheter in the pancreatic duct and a return catheter in the duodenum.2. Measurements of flow and composition of the juice were made during 24 h periods after adaptation to isonitrogenous diets based on barley, wheatings and fish meal (diet BWF) or starch, sucrose, casein, maize oil and cellulose (diet SSC), given in a change-over design. Measurements were also made during the periods of adaptation to a change from one diet to the other.3. Mean flow-rates for pigs adapted to diets showed a highly significant four-fold difference between diets; values were 4962 ml/d for diet BWF and 1273 ml/d for diet SSC. The hourly volumes of juice were very variable and showed no clear response to feeding and no consistent diurnal pattern for either diet.4. There were no significant differences between diets in the specific activities of the proteases. Average values were (units/nig protein) trypsin. (EC 3.4.21.4) 29·6, chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) 7·7, carboxypeptidase A (EC 3.4.17.1) 0·65, carboxypeptidase B (EC 3.4.17.2) 1.6. The total output of each tended to be higher with diet BWF than with diet SSC. The specific activities and tolal outputs of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) were significantly higher for diet BWF than for diet SSC; specific activities for the two diets respectively were: (units/mg protein) α-amylase 95·6 and 42·3, lipase 59·0 and 14·5.5. The higher daily volume of juice with diet BWF was associated with significantly (but only slightly) higher levels of both sodium and potassium, compared with diet SSC.6. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on digestion at this Institute, in which pigs with intestinal cannulas were given the same diets.

Nutrient interactions in pig nutrition I. Factors affecting the response to vitamin B12 in growing pigs

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Carpenter ◽  
J. Duckworth ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
D. H. Shrimpton ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
By Products

1. Growth and feed conversion efficiency of pigs between weaning and 100 lb. live weight were improved by adding a vitamin B12 a supplement to simplified all-plant rations containing, principally, barley and groundnut meal. This response was obtained with less than one-third of the U.S. recommended allowance of vitamin B12 in the rations of growing pigs.2. No such response was obtained when a vitamin B12 supplement was added to rations containing milling by-products and grass meal.3. When pigs were fed to a scale based on live weight, those that received an all-plant ration (containing milling by-products and grass meal, and relying on groundnut meal as the main source of supplementary protein to give a total content of 18·4 to 18·8% crude protein) gave 90–93% as good growth as pigs that were fed rations of similar total digestible nutrient content containing 14·5–15·5% crude protein and 3·6 or 7·0% white fish meal. Calculations suggest that such groundnut meal rations may be slightly deficient in lysine, but probably not deficient in tryptophan or ‘cystine + methionine’.4. When pigs were fed to appetite, those that received rations containing 3·6% white fish meal and no milling by-products or grass meal, ate significantly more than those that had either ‘milling by-products + grass meal’ or no fish meal in their rations; they grew proportionately faster, with no improvement in the efficiency of feed conversion.5. The carcasses of pigs that had received all-plant rations from weaning to bacon weight were of good quality, and their measurements did not differ from those of pigs that had received fish meal to 100 lb. live weight.

Performance of growing pigs fed dried microbial cells (Methylomonas methylotropha)

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
I. W. Moffat
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Lower Specific Gravity

SUMMARYIn two experiments, 192 individually penned pigs were given diets containing 900 g barley/kg together with either 100 g dried microbial cells (DMC)/kg or 100 g white fish meal (WFM)/kg, and grown from 23 to 60 kg live weight. In Expt 1 rationing was by live weight and there was no difference between diets for feed used or live weight gained. In Expt 2, pigs were rationed by time and those fed diet DMC grew 15 g/day slower than those fed diet WFM, and their carcasses were of lower specific gravity.

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