scholarly journals The utilization of diets containing acetate, propionate or butyrate salts by growing lambs

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB Hovell ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 7, 15 or 22% of the metabolizable energy (me) provided by barley was replaced by sodium and calcium salts of acetic acid, or 22% of me was replaced by Na and Ca salts of propionic or butyric acids.2. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) of the diets containing 0, 7, 15 or 22% of me as acetate was 57.2, 59.6, 54.1 and 48.8 (se ± 1.8) respectively, the last value being significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the first. The kf for successive increments of acetate was 90, 37 and 19% (se ± 13), the decrease being significant (P < 0.001).3. The kf values of the diets containing 22% of me as propionate or butyrate respectively were 48.7 and 50.6 (se ± 1.8), both values being significantly lower than the control (P < 0.01). The partial kf of propionate was 19±13, and of butyrate 28 ± 13%.4. It is concluded that the experiment provided evidence that the efficiency with which acetate is utilized for energy retention is not constant, but varies with its contribution to me. The experiment also provided some evidence that large amounts of propionate and butyrate may be inefficiently utilized by growing lambs, although poor utilization of high levels of volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts per se cannot be entirely excluded.

scholarly journals The utilization of diets containing acetate salts by growing lambs as measured by comparative slaughter and respiration calorimetry, together with rumen fermentation

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
F. W. Wainaman
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 14 or 19% metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium, calcium and potassium salts of acetic acid. As the proportion of ME as acetate was increased, energy retention decreased. ME intake was 9271, 9430 and 9217 ± 67 kJ/d and energy retention was 2698, 2422 and 2280 ± 71 kJ/d for the diets containing 0, 14 or 19% ME as acetate respectively. There were no differences in protein deposition. The efficiency of utilization of acetate for energy retention (kf) was calculated by difference to be 3 and 10 ± 13% respectively for the diets containing 14 and 19% ME as acetate.2. In a second experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 4 or 16% ME provided by barley was replaced by salts of acetic acid, and utilization was measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no significant differences in the utilization of the diets for maintenance (km) or energy retention (kf). The km values were 82.4 ± 2.3 and 81.2 ± 0.7%, and kf values were 67.4 ± 4.5 and 65.8 ± 2.7% respectively for the diets providing 4 and 16% ME as acetate. The kf of the additional acetate in the diet providing 16% ME as acetate was calculated by difference to be 54%.3. The acetate and Ca concentrations of the rumen digesta were increased by including acetate salts in the diet, but Na and K concentrations were not affected.4. It is concluded that the best explanation for the poor utilization of acetate in the comparative slaughter experiment is that acetate was poorly utilized for lipogenesis. The calorimetry experiment contained relatively large errors, but the results suggest that acetate may be utilized efficiently in some circumstances. It is suggested that these results and apparently conflicting results in the literature may be explained by the concept that the efficient utilization of acetate is dependent upon the supply of glucose or glucose precursor.

Rumen Metabolite of Balinese Cows that Being Given Stewed Water of Lannea coromandelica Peel as Feed Additive

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sio Stefanus ◽  
I.G. Mahardika ◽  
I.B.G Partama ◽  
N.N. Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Random Design ◽  
Lannea Coromandelica

The research has been conducted to find out rumen metabolite of Balinese cows that being given stewed water of Lannea coromandelica peel as a feed additive. The research used group random design (RAK) with 4 treatments of rations and 3 times repetition. Each repetition used three Balinese cows. The weight of cows being used ranging between 137.5 – 235 kg. Basic rations being given were equal, arranged based on a percentage of dry material (% DM) namely: 50% of arrow grass, 20% of gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium), 1% of urea and 29% of rice bran. Whereas for treatment was feed additive level. The basic ratio of +0 was feed additive (A). The basic ration of +1000 ml was feed additive (B). The basic ration of +1500 ml was feed additive (C) and a basic ration of +2000 ml was feed additive (D). Variables being observed were: N-NH3, volatile fatty acid total and volatile fatty acid partial (acetic acid, propionate acid and butyrate acid). The result of research showed that the administration of 1000 ml-2000 ml of feed additive of stewed water of Lannea coromandelica peel in basic ration differed markedly (P<0.05) to increase the concentration of N-NH3, volatile fatty acid total and volatile fatty acid partial. The utilization of stewed water of Lannea coromandelica peel as a feed additive in basic ration was increasing rumen metabolite of Balinese cows.

Identification of the volatile fatty acid in the peripheral blood and rumen of cattle and the blood of other species

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Mean Values

Volatile fatty acid isolated from nine samples of peripheral blood from four cows contained, on a molecular basis, from 90.0 to 97.0 per cent. of acetic acid (mean 93.3 per cent.). The remainder comprised, as mean values, propionic acid, 2.39 per cent.; butyric acid, 2.61 per cent.; and a group of at least three acids between butyric and octanoic, 1.84 per cent. The significance of the high proportion of acetic acid in the volatile fatty acid of bovine peripheral blood is discussed. Only traces of esterified acids lower than octanoic could be found in bovine blood lipides. Volatile fatty acids were found also in the blood of the rabbit, guinea pig, horse, and pig and in human plasma. Here again a high proportion of acetic acid was recorded. Volatile fatty acid isolated from nine samples of ruminal contents from two cows contained on a molecular basis from 52.3 to 69.0 per cent. of acetic acid (mean 60.0 per cent.). The remainder comprised, as mean values, propionic acid, 21.8 per cent.; butyric acid, 14.4 per cent.; and acids higher than butyric (apparently largely valeric and hesanoic), 3.8 per cent. This limited number of analyses indicated no gross effect of type of feed on the proportion of the acids in the rumen.

Preparation of volatile fatty acid (VFA) calcium salts by anaerobic digestion of glucose

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofen Li ◽  
Janis E. Swan ◽  
Giridhar R. Nair ◽  
Alan G. Langdon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Calcium Salts

Odor Control in the Standard Thai Rubber 20 (STR 20) Industry by Using a Wet Scrubber

2015 ◽  
Vol 804 ◽  
pp. 275-278
Author(s):  
Worapot Rattanapan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Current Mode ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Wet Scrubber ◽  
Raw Wastewater

This article aims to investigate the potential of using effluent wastewater (called raw wastewater) from wastewater treatment plant as a recirculation liquid in a wet scrubber to remove volatile fatty acid (VFA). This research was conducted in 2 steps. Firstly, surveys and interviews were carried out at STR 20 factory in order to obtain information about STR 20 production and odor control process. Secondly, a study of the potential of using the raw wastewater in a wet scrubber to absorb the VFAs was conducted. The exhausted gas with high VFAs causes malodor in Standard Thai Rubber 20 (STR20) industry. The wet scrubber with counter-current mode runs for 7 operational days. Pall ring is used as packing media without bacterial attachment. The study demonstrates that in these 7 operational days, the raw wastewater has the potential to absorb the VFA. This is indicated by higher VFA concentration 4,372.5 mg/l as acetic acid of a recirculation liquid compared to raw wastewater 75.38 mg/l as acetic acid fed. It increases efficiency of absorbing volatile fatty acid approximately by 24%. VFA concentration in effluent wastewater was found 1,734 mg/L as acetic acid compared to influent wastewater was found 1,395 mg/l as acetic acid fed. In addition, bacterial growth on packing media was observed with volatile solid (VS) and total bacteria count present due to biodegradation of VFA. This information will be useful for further research in the future about biodegradation of VFA by bacterial attachment in packing media.

Volatile fatty acid metabolism of ruminants, with particular reference to the lactating bovine mammary gland and the composition of milk fat

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland

Studies are reported on the volatile fatty acid (V.F.A.) metabolism of sheep and bovines with particular reference to the association between (i) ingestion of food and ruminal levels of V.F.A.s and arterial levels of acetic acid and (ii) the utilization of arterial acetic acid by the bovine mammary gland and the association between this utilization and the proportion of lower fatty acids (Reichert-Meissl value) in the milk fat. Ruminal levels of V.F.A. and arterial levels of acetic acid were found to be similar in cattle and sheep, and similar to those reported by earlier workers for sheep. There was a close association between changes in ruminal V.F.A. and arterial acetic acid levels. Arterial acetic acid levels were found on the feeds studied to reach a maximum value of 8-14 mg. per cent. by 2-5 hours after feeding, declining to 5-8 mg. per cent. by 8 hours after feeding and to 2-6 mg. per cent. by 16 hours after feeding. On starvation for approximately 72 hours, values fell as low as 1.5 mg. per cent. Acetic acid was found to be a major metabolite of the bovine mammary gland, arterio-venous (A-V.) differences being directly dependent on the arterial level and of the order of 2-6 mg. per cent. or 40-80 per cent. of the arterial level in the fed animal. Arterial levels and mammary A-V. differences of acetic acid were unaffected by cod-liver oil feeding or low roughage-high concentrate diets, both of which depressed the fat percentage and the Reichert- Meissl (R-M.) value of the milk fat. Hyperinsulinism and recent or delayed milking also had no effect on the A-V. differences. The depression in R-M. value during fasting was not reversed by intraruminal or intravenous acetic acid infusions despite the maintenance of high blood levels of acetic acid. There was no detectable correlation between carbon dioxide output by the mammary gland and the acetic acid uptake of the gland, indicating that the acid served some 'useful' purpose in the gland. It is concluded, taking into account other evidence, that acetic acid is utilized in the gland for fat synthesis and oxidation, depending on the requirements of the gland, but that the proportion of lower fatty acids in milk fat is not dependent on the uptake of acetic acid.

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. II. The uptake by the tissues of glucose and acetic acid from the peripheral circulation

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Molar Basis ◽  
Ruminant Metabolism

The level of volatile fatty acid in the peripheral blood of sheep is considerably higher than in non-ruminants, arterial levels reaching 10 mg. per cent. (as acetic acid) or higher. That the level is related to fermentation in the rumen is indicated by its steady decrease during fasting. In sheep fed on rations of widely differing composition, 86-95 per cent. (molar basis) of the total volatile fatty acid in arterial blood was found to be acetic acid. Small amounts of propionic, butyric, and at least one other acid were also present. The removal of acetic acid from the arterial blood during its passage through the tissues of the head is considerable, and the extent of its removal is closely dependent upon its arterial level. There was no evidence that acids other than acetic were removed in significant quantities. The low normal blood-glucose level in fed sheep is associated with a smaller uptake of glucose by the tissues of the sheep than occurs in non-ruminants and this low uptake is compensated by a higher uptake of acetic acid. Arterio-venous differences of glucose and of volatile fatty acid have been measured in two dogs, after feeding and during fasting, and are compared with the results obtained from sheep. These findings are discussed in the light of present knowledge of the influence on ruminant metabolism of the rumen and the digestive processes therein.

scholarly journals Bio-Valorization of Physical and Chemical Pretreated Switchgrass on Volatile Fatty Acid Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakthivel U ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Organosolv Pretreatment ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The suitability of biomass system depends on products recovery from the waste. Switchgrass was the most renewable biomass sources and selected as feedstock for the volatile fatty acid production from anaerobic digestion. The five kinds of pretreatments involving physical and chemical treatment such as thermal, hot water, acid, alkaline and organosolv pretreatment were investigated. This study explored the characteristics of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) production from pretreated switchgrass compared with raw biomass. The major VFA compounds are acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, iso-butyric acid and iso-valeric acid and hexanoic acid produced during digestion. The result showed that acetic acid concentration yields higher with other compounds of VFA.

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