scholarly journals The utilization of diets containing acetate salts by growing lambs as measured by comparative slaughter and respiration calorimetry, together with rumen fermentation

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
F. W. Wainaman
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 14 or 19% metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium, calcium and potassium salts of acetic acid. As the proportion of ME as acetate was increased, energy retention decreased. ME intake was 9271, 9430 and 9217 ± 67 kJ/d and energy retention was 2698, 2422 and 2280 ± 71 kJ/d for the diets containing 0, 14 or 19% ME as acetate respectively. There were no differences in protein deposition. The efficiency of utilization of acetate for energy retention (kf) was calculated by difference to be 3 and 10 ± 13% respectively for the diets containing 14 and 19% ME as acetate.2. In a second experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 4 or 16% ME provided by barley was replaced by salts of acetic acid, and utilization was measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no significant differences in the utilization of the diets for maintenance (km) or energy retention (kf). The km values were 82.4 ± 2.3 and 81.2 ± 0.7%, and kf values were 67.4 ± 4.5 and 65.8 ± 2.7% respectively for the diets providing 4 and 16% ME as acetate. The kf of the additional acetate in the diet providing 16% ME as acetate was calculated by difference to be 54%.3. The acetate and Ca concentrations of the rumen digesta were increased by including acetate salts in the diet, but Na and K concentrations were not affected.4. It is concluded that the best explanation for the poor utilization of acetate in the comparative slaughter experiment is that acetate was poorly utilized for lipogenesis. The calorimetry experiment contained relatively large errors, but the results suggest that acetate may be utilized efficiently in some circumstances. It is suggested that these results and apparently conflicting results in the literature may be explained by the concept that the efficient utilization of acetate is dependent upon the supply of glucose or glucose precursor.

scholarly journals The utilization of diets containing acetate, propionate or butyrate salts by growing lambs

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB Hovell ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 7, 15 or 22% of the metabolizable energy (me) provided by barley was replaced by sodium and calcium salts of acetic acid, or 22% of me was replaced by Na and Ca salts of propionic or butyric acids.2. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) of the diets containing 0, 7, 15 or 22% of me as acetate was 57.2, 59.6, 54.1 and 48.8 (se ± 1.8) respectively, the last value being significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the first. The kf for successive increments of acetate was 90, 37 and 19% (se ± 13), the decrease being significant (P < 0.001).3. The kf values of the diets containing 22% of me as propionate or butyrate respectively were 48.7 and 50.6 (se ± 1.8), both values being significantly lower than the control (P < 0.01). The partial kf of propionate was 19±13, and of butyrate 28 ± 13%.4. It is concluded that the experiment provided evidence that the efficiency with which acetate is utilized for energy retention is not constant, but varies with its contribution to me. The experiment also provided some evidence that large amounts of propionate and butyrate may be inefficiently utilized by growing lambs, although poor utilization of high levels of volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts per se cannot be entirely excluded.

scholarly journals The effect of date of cut and barley substitution on gain and on the efficiency of utilization of grass silage by growing cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
C. Thomas ◽  
M. C. Spooner ◽  
M. J. Haines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Biological Interpretation ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

1. The effect of harvesting date of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on the nutritive value of the resultant silage and the effect of substitution of late-cut silage with barley was examined in growing cattle. The diets comprised early-cut (H) and late-cut (L) silage offered alone or with 280 (LCI) or 560 (LC2) g rolled barley/kg total dry matter (DM) substituted for late-cut silage.2. Both silages were prepared with the addition of formic acid (850 g/l; 2.4 litres/t fresh weight) to a partially wilted crop, and were judged to be well fermented (pH 3.9, 3.8) with lactic acid contents of 108 and 73 g/kg DM, total nitrogen contents of 24.6 and 18.4 g/kg DM and ammonia-N contents of 121 and 124 g/kg total N (values for early- and late-cut silages respectively).3. Two experiments were conducted to measure duodenal non-NH3-N (NAN) supply in relation to N intake on the four diets (feeding level 18 g DM/kg live weight (LW)) and to examine the partition of the metabolizable energy (ME) supply from the four diets using open-circuit indirect calorimetry (three feeding levels, 14, 17 and 20 g DM/kg LW). The experiments were undertaken with eight and nine Friesian male castrates respectively with a mean starting weight of 300 kg and age 12 months. The animals used in Expt 1 had been previously fitted with cannulas into the dorsal rumen and the proximal duodenum.4. NAN supply was significantly higher on diet H than all other diets which were similar irrespective of the level of barley inclusion. Mean ME contents (MJ/kg DM) of the two silages differed markedly (H 11.9, L 9.7) and barley addition (LCI and LC2) restored values to 10.7 and 11.1 MJ/kg DM respectively. Estimated NAN absorption in relation to energy supply was significantly higher for diet H (1.47 g/MJ ME) than for all other diets (mean 1.25 g/MJ ME).5. Partition of ME supply using conventional linear analysis indicated dietary differences with respect to estimated ME for maintenance (L > H, LCI and LC2) and efficiency of utilization of ME supplied above maintenance (L > H, LCI and LC2), but difficulties in biological interpretation of these findings led to the use of exponential curve analysis. This provided an improved description of the findings, and whilst dietary differences were apparent, none were statistically significant. It was concluded that a single exponential equation could be used satisfactorily to describe all values.6. The consequence of these findings in relation to the carcass retentions of energy. fat and protein reported by Thomas et al. (1988) is discussed and possible reasons for the discrepancies in energy retention measured by comparative slaughter balance and open-circuit indirect calorimetry are considered.

The effect of pregnancy, energy intake and mating weight on protein deposition and energy retention of female pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Deb Hovell ◽  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
R. M. J. Crofts ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Average Response ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Total Fat

SUMMARY1. In a comparative slaughter experiment, 12 female pigs (six at 80 kg and six at 100 kg) were allocated at first oestrus to each of five treatments: Treatment 1 initial slaughter, or Treatments 2, 3 and 4 mated and given 19·5, 25·8 or 32·1 MJ ME/day for the last 100 days of pregnancy, or Treatment 5 not mated (virgin) and given 25·8 MJ ME/day over a similar period. Pigs on Treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 were given the same amount of protein and were killed about 123 days after first oestrus. Piglets were removed at birth.2. Total protein deposition (carcass+viscera+piglets) was increased from a total (±SE) of 5·50 to 8·47 (±0·43) kg as ME intake was increased from 19·5 to 32·1 MJ ME/day. About 75% of the increase in protein deposition was in the carcass component. The average response to ME was 2·2 ± 0·58 g total protein deposition per MJ increment in ME.3. The once-mated pigs deposited similar amounts of total protein to the virgin pigs but significantly less (P<0·05) carcass protein, when this was corrected to the same amount of carcass fat deposition.4. Increasing energy intake from 19·5 to 32·1 MJ ME/day increased total fat deposition from 2·8 to 16·0 kg. The average response to ME was 13·5 ± 1·53 g fat deposited per MJ increment in ME.5. There were no significant differences between the once-mated and virgin pigs in their calculated maintenance requirement, nor in the efficiency with which ME surplus to requirement for maintenance was utilized for energy retention. The average maintenance requirement for all pigs was 530 (95% limits 303·882) kJ/kg0·85. day. The average efficiency of utilization of ME for energy retention was 58·5 ± 6·2%.6. There was no evidence of any pregnancy anabolism other than that involving the conceptus, the needs of the dam specific to pregnancy and preparation for lactation.

Comparison of calorimetry and comparative slaughter for estimating energy retention and kf by young steers

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 146-146
Author(s):  
R Sanderson ◽  
M S Dhanoa ◽  
C Thomas ◽  
D E Beever
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Direct Technique ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Indirect Technique

Where indirect calorimetry and slaughter techniques have been compared previously (eg: Geay, 1984; Beever et al, 1988) estimates of energy retention have tended to be greater from calorimetry than from slaughter studies. However, in most instances each technique was applied to a different group of animal and over only a limited range in energy retention. The aim of this work was to examine the difference between estimates of energy retention obtained using a direct technique (comparative slaughter) (ERs) and an indirect technique (open circuit respiration calorimetry) (ERc) applied to the same group of animals and over a relatively wide range of energy retentions.

Energy and nitrogen utilisation of sow colostrum and milk by the piglet

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Le Dividich ◽  
Julia Marion ◽  
Françoise Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference

Twenty-four newborn piglets were used to evaluate the digestibility of sow colostrum and milk and the efficiency of milk utilisation by the piglet. Within a litter, four piglets were allotted to one of the four treatments: killed at birth, or bottle-fed sow colostrum for 30 h and sow milk thereafter at the rate of 100, 200, or 300 g kg-1 d-1. Piglets were killed on day 8. Faeces and urine were daily collected and heat production (HP) was determined by indirect calorimetry on days 6 and 7, each day during three successive periods of 105–110 min. Energy retention (ER) was calculated as the difference between metabolisable energy intake (ME) and HP. ER was also determined over the 8-d period using the comparative slaughter (CS). There was no effect of level of feeding on energy and nitrogen digestibility. Milk energy digestibility and metabolisability (ME/GE × 100) and nitrogen digestibility were 98.2 ± 1.2 (SEM), 96.8 ± 1.4 and 98.3 ± 1.3%, respectively. Corresponding values for colostrum were lower (P < 0.01), averaging 95.2 ± 2.8, 92.6 ± 3.1 and 95.3 ± 2.9%, respectively. Efficiency of using milk ME for ER determined by indirect calorimetry or CS was similar and averaged 0.72 ± 0.02. The energy cost of 1 kJ of protein deposition was 1.77 (± 0.04) kJ (efficiency, 0.56), whereas the energy cost of 1 kJ of fat deposition was not different to 1 kJ. Key words: Piglet, colostrum, milk, energy, nitrogen

Effects of cimaterol on energy utilization for maintenance and for protein and fat deposition by wether and ewe lambs given chopped lucerne hay or lucerne-barley pellets

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Sainz ◽  
J. E. Wolff ◽  
M. P. Upsdell
Keyword(s):  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Intake

ABSTRACTThe effects of sex (wethers v. ewes), diet (chopped lucerne hay v. lucerne-barley pellets) and cimaterol on energy utilization by Suffolk cross lambs were determined by comparative slaughter. Quadratic regression of energy retention (RE) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) enabled estimation of maintenance energy requirements (Em), efficiencies of gain (ktotal) and maximum rates of gain (REMAX). Regressions using RE in fat and protein v. MEI yielded analogous parameters for fat and protein deposition (Em fat, kfat, REMAX fat and Emprotcin, kprolein, REMAXprotcin respectively). Em was lower in wethers than ewes (455 v. 510 kJ/kg M0·75 per day respectively), but was unaffected by diet or cimaterol. Sex and cimaterol did not affect ktotai. which was higher in lambs given pellets compared with lambs given hay (0·417 v. 0·224 respectively). Similarly, REMAX was higher in lambs given pellets than in lambs given hay (326 v. 114 kJ/kg 0·75 per day respectively). None of the groups differed significantly in the parameters of fat deposition, which averaged 480 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for Em fal, 0·224 for ktat, and 250 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for REMAX, fat- Em.protein was lower in wethers than in ewes (466 v. 569 kJ/kg 0·075 per day, respectively), and was further reduced by cimaterol (418 and 507 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for wethers and ewes respectively). Estimates of kprotcin were higher in wethers than in ewes (0·091 v. 0·064 respectively), and were increased by cimaterol (0·115 and 0·089 for wethers and ewes respectively). Similarly REMAX protein was higher in wethers than in ewes (47 v. 37 kJ/kg 0·75 per day respectively), and was increased by cimaterol (58 and 48 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for wethers and ewes respectively). The repartitioning action of cimaterol was additive with effects of diet, intake and sex.

Effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the growth and development of the early-weaned piglet 2. Energy metabolism

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
M. W. Stanier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACT1. Measurements of heat loss, energy and nitrogen balance were made on 18 groups of piglets weaned at 2 weeks, at environmental temperatures of 18, 23 and 28°C, and at three levels of feeding at each temperature.2. From the experimental results, values of heat loss, energy retention, protein and fat deposition were derived for each temperature, at each of the three levels of metabolizable energy (kJ/kg M0·75 per day) intake: 550 (1·0MEm), 825 (1·5MEm) and 1100 (2·0MEm). The lowest of these levels was the calculated thermoneutral maintenance energy requirement (MEm).3. From the results the following deductions were made, (a) Heat loss varies with both environmental temperature and metabolizable energy intake, and at an intake of 2·0MEm is minimal between 23 and 28°C. Energy retention varies in an inverse manner to heat-loss, and at 1·0MEm is negative at all environmental temperatures below 28°C. (b) Protein and fat deposition increase significantly with increase in metabolizable energy intake (P < 0·05), with fat deposition being more dependent on temperature than protein deposition. The mean increase in protein deposition per 1°C increase in environmental temperature is 2·05 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Fat deposition is negative at all temperatures at l·0MEm; at l·5MEm it is zero at 23°C and negative at temperatures below this.4. Critical temperature was calculated to decrease from 26·9°C at l·0MEm to 23·9°C at 2·0MEm.5. The efficiency of energy utilization (k) was 0·58 at 18°C, 0·81 at 23°C and 0·74 at 28°C. The corresponding values of the maintenance energy requirements were 739, 615 and 550 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Estimates of the energetic efficiency of protein deposition (kp) of 0·60 to 0·65, and of fat deposition (k/) of 0·82 to 0·86, were determined at 23 and 28°C.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Le Dividich ◽  
M. Vermorel ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. C. Bouvier ◽  
A. Aumaitre
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. Six experiments each involving two groups of six piglets, were designed to study the influence of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention and protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. Immediately after weaning, at a mean age of 25 d, the animals were raised in two open circuit respiratory chambers. Each chamber was equipped with a totally wired cage. The piglets were paired-fed and maintained at environmental temperatures of 20, 24 or 28°. Four replicates were used for each temperature. Metabolizable energy, heat production and nitrogen balance were measured during two consecutive periods (A and B), each of 6 d duration.2. Heat production was higher at 20° than at 24 and 28° during periods A and B. Energy retention was negative during period A, it was positive during period B and increased with temperature.3. Protein deposition was always positive and independent of environmental temperature. The net efficiency of protein utilization was 0.77.4. Body fat was mobilized during period A at a higher rate at 20° than 28°. During period B, fat gain increased with increase in temperature.5. The calculated ME requirement for maintenance amounted to 411 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d at 28°.6. The critical temperature of early weaned piglets raised in intensive modern housing and fed at about 90% of the ad lib. intake is close to 28° during the first 12 d after weaning.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

scholarly journals The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Pullar ◽  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Semisynthetic Diet ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Gross Energy

1. Measurements were made of energy balance by direct calorimetry, and of nitrogen balance in groups of lean and congenitally obese (‘fatty’) Zucker rats at body-weights of 200 and 350 g given a highly digestible semisynthetic diet at 14.0 or 18.4 g/rat per 24 h.2. Losses of food energy and N in faeces were very small. The fatty rats lost much more N in urine than did lean rats. Despite this the proportion of gross energy that was metabolized was 0.92 for both fatty and lean rats.3. In all trials, fatty rats lost a smaller proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) as heat and deposited less as protein than thin rats but deposited much more as fat.4. The amounts of ME required to deposit 1 kJ of protein and 1 kJ of fat respectively were shown by regression analysis to be 2.25 (±0.16) and 1.36 (±0.06) kJ respectively. These values agree extremely closely with recent, more tentative, estimates based on assumptions as to maintenance requirement which the present experiments were able to circumvent. It may be concluded with confidence that the energy costs of depositing 1 g of protein or fat are almost identical at 53 kJ ME/g.

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