Identification of the volatile fatty acid in the peripheral blood and rumen of cattle and the blood of other species

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Mean Values

Volatile fatty acid isolated from nine samples of peripheral blood from four cows contained, on a molecular basis, from 90.0 to 97.0 per cent. of acetic acid (mean 93.3 per cent.). The remainder comprised, as mean values, propionic acid, 2.39 per cent.; butyric acid, 2.61 per cent.; and a group of at least three acids between butyric and octanoic, 1.84 per cent. The significance of the high proportion of acetic acid in the volatile fatty acid of bovine peripheral blood is discussed. Only traces of esterified acids lower than octanoic could be found in bovine blood lipides. Volatile fatty acids were found also in the blood of the rabbit, guinea pig, horse, and pig and in human plasma. Here again a high proportion of acetic acid was recorded. Volatile fatty acid isolated from nine samples of ruminal contents from two cows contained on a molecular basis from 52.3 to 69.0 per cent. of acetic acid (mean 60.0 per cent.). The remainder comprised, as mean values, propionic acid, 21.8 per cent.; butyric acid, 14.4 per cent.; and acids higher than butyric (apparently largely valeric and hesanoic), 3.8 per cent. This limited number of analyses indicated no gross effect of type of feed on the proportion of the acids in the rumen.

scholarly journals Enhanced lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica cultured with synthetic and waste-derived high-content volatile fatty acids under alkaline conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiling Gao ◽  
Zifu Li ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Wenjun Bao ◽  
Shikun Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Alkaline Conditions

Abstract Background Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) can be effective and promising alternate carbon sources for microbial lipid production by a few oleaginous yeasts. However, the severe inhibitory effect of high-content (> 10 g/L) VFAs on these yeasts has impeded the production of high lipid yields and their large-scale application. Slightly acidic conditions have been commonly adopted because they have been considered favorable to oleaginous yeast cultivation. However, the acidic pH environment further aggravates this inhibition because VFAs appear largely in an undissociated form under this condition. Alkaline conditions likely alleviate the severe inhibition of high-content VFAs by significantly increasing the dissociation degree of VFAs. This hypothesis should be verified through a systematic research. Results The combined effects of high acetic acid concentrations and alkaline conditions on VFA utilization, cell growth, and lipid accumulation of Yarrowia lipolytica were systematically investigated through batch cultures of Y. lipolytica by using high concentrations (30–110 g/L) of acetic acid as a carbon source at an initial pH ranging from 6 to 10. An initial pH of 8 was determined as optimal. The highest biomass and lipid production (37.14 and 10.11 g/L) were obtained with 70 g/L acetic acid, whereas cultures with > 70 g/L acetic acid had decreased biomass and lipid yield due to excessive anion accumulation. Feasibilities on high-content propionic acid, butyric acid, and mixed VFAs were compared and evaluated. Results indicated that YX/S and YL/S of cultures on butyric acid (0.570, 0.144) were comparable with those on acetic acid (0.578, 0.160) under alkaline conditions. The performance on propionic acid was much inferior to that on other acids. Mixed VFAs were more beneficial to fast adaptation and lipid production than single types of VFA. Furthermore, cultures on food waste (FW) and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) fermentate were carried out and lipid production was effectively improved under this alkaline condition. The highest biomass and lipid production on FW fermentate reached 14.65 g/L (YX/S: 0.414) and 3.20 g/L (YL/S: 0.091) with a lipid content of 21.86%, respectively. By comparison, the highest biomass and lipid production on FVW fermentate were 11.84 g/L (YX/S: 0.534) and 3.08 g/L (YL/S: 0.139), respectively, with a lipid content of 26.02%. Conclusions This study assumed and verified that alkaline conditions (optimal pH 8) could effectively alleviate the lethal effect of high-content VFA on Y. lipolytica and significantly improve biomass and lipid production. These results could provide a new cultivation strategy to achieve simple utilizations of high-content VFAs and increase lipid production. Feasibilities on FW and FVW-derived VFAs were evaluated, and meaningful information was provided for practical applications.

Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen: II. The volatile fatty acid production from dried grass

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John ◽  
G. Barnett ◽  
R. L. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Titration Curves

1. A study has been made of the production of volatile fatty acids obtainable from dried grass and its gross water-soluble and water-insoluble separates, in the artificial rumen, over two growing seasons.2. In contradistinction to fresh grass, the dried grass gives a consistent production of acetic acid proportionately greater than propionic acid, at all stages of maturity, but when aqueous extracts of the dried grass, and the resultant extracted grass, respectively, are examined separately in the artificial rumen, it is found that the former yield preponderating amounts of acetic acid while the latter give amounts of propionic acid equal to, or exceeding, the corresponding productions of acetic acid.3. An examination of the titration curves for the total acids obtained from the dried grass, extracted grass and grass extract runs, indicates an approach to an incomplete relationship between the residual carbohydrate in the extracted grass and cellulose, while the grass extract reveals itself as the chief source of acetic acid in the whole dried grass, the acid being formed very speedily at the start of the run.4. The suggested sources and some of the possible metabolic pathways involved in the formation of v.f.a. from grass are discussed in the text.

scholarly journals Impact of Alkaline Pretreatment to Enhance Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Production from Rice Husk

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Fang ◽  
Sinmin Ji ◽  
Dingwu Huang ◽  
Zhouyue Huang ◽  
Zilong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alkaline Pretreatment ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Study Results

This study explores the use of alkaline pretreatments to improve the hydrolyzation of rice husks to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The study investigated the effects of reagent concentration and pretreatment time on protein, carbohydrates, and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) dissolution after the pretreatment. The optimum alkaline pretreatment conditions were 0.30 g NaOH (g VS)−1, with a reaction time of 48 h. The experimental results show that when comparing the total VFA (TVFA) yields from the alkaline-pretreated risk husk with those from the untreated rice husk, over 14 d and 2 d, the maximum value reached 1237.7 and 716.0 mg·L−1 with acetic acid and propionic acid and with acetic acid and butyric acid, respectively. After the alkaline pretreatment, TVFAs increased by 72.9%; VFA accumulation grew over time. The study found that alkaline pretreatment can improve VFA yields from rice husks and transform butyric acid fermentation into propionic acid fermentation. The study results can provide guidelines to support the comprehensive utilization of rice husk and waste treatment.

Toxicity of pH, Ammonia and Volatile Fatty Acids on Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen-Enriched Sludge

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 527-531
Author(s):  
Jian Zheng Li ◽  
Yu Peng Zhang ◽  
Chong Liu ◽  
Ze Yu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen ◽  
The Impact

The activities of methanogen are easily affected by inhibitory substances and lead to anaerobic digestion failure. To investigate inhibitory effects on methanogenesis of a methanogen-enriched sludge, pH, volatile fatty acids (such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid), and ammonia were used as inhibitory factors and a L16(45) orthogonal table was employed to design batch experiments. The result of variance analyses shows that pH has the greatest impact on the methanogenesis of the enriched culture. The impact of butyrate, NH3, acetate and propionate was decreased in order. DGGE finger-print shows that there was only one methanogen in the inoculum sludge.

Fermentation in the Rumen of the Sheep

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. V. GRAY ◽  
A. F. PILGRIM ◽  
H. J. RODDA ◽  
R. A. WELLER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Group

1. The mixture of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of the sheep has been shown to include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, iso-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, another valeric acid isomer, caproic acid and an acid which is probably heptoic acid. The proportions in which they are present have been determined. 2. When acetic acid labelled with 14C in the carboxyl group was incorporated in the rumen fermentation in vitro, active carbon appeared later in all the higher acids. When labelled propionic acid was included in the fermentation, active carbon appeared in the valeric but not in the butyric acid. The results suggest a synthesis of the higher acids by condensation of the lower ones with 2-C compound in equilibrium with acetic acid. The extent of such syntheses and other possible modes of origin of the fatty acids are discussed.

scholarly journals Bio-Valorization of Physical and Chemical Pretreated Switchgrass on Volatile Fatty Acid Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakthivel U ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Organosolv Pretreatment ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The suitability of biomass system depends on products recovery from the waste. Switchgrass was the most renewable biomass sources and selected as feedstock for the volatile fatty acid production from anaerobic digestion. The five kinds of pretreatments involving physical and chemical treatment such as thermal, hot water, acid, alkaline and organosolv pretreatment were investigated. This study explored the characteristics of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) production from pretreated switchgrass compared with raw biomass. The major VFA compounds are acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, iso-butyric acid and iso-valeric acid and hexanoic acid produced during digestion. The result showed that acetic acid concentration yields higher with other compounds of VFA.

scholarly journals Assessment of Fatty Acids Profile and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production by the Oleaginous Marine Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 Cultivated on Volatile Fatty Acids

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Patel ◽  
Ulrika Rova ◽  
Paul Christakopoulos ◽  
Leonidas Matsakas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

Thraustochytrids are considered natural producers of omega-3 fatty acids as they can synthesize up to 70% docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) of total lipids. However, commercial and sustainable production of microbial DHA is limited by elevated cost of carbon substrates for thraustochytrids cultivation. This problem can be addressed by utilizing low-cost renewable substrates. In the present study, growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid profiles of the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 (ATCC-PRA-276) cultivated on volatile fatty acids (C1, formic acid; C2, acetic acid; C3, propionic acid; C4, butyric acid; C5, valeric acid and C6, caproic acid) and glucose as control were evaluated for the first time. This strain showed an inability to utilize C3, C5 and C6 as a substrate when provided at >2 g/L, while efficiently utilizing C2 and C4 up to 40 g/L. The highest cell dry weight (12.35 g/L) and total lipid concentration (6.59 g/L) were attained when this strain was cultivated on 40 g/L of butyric acid, followed by cultivation on glucose (11.87 g/L and 5.34 g/L, respectively) and acetic acid (8.70 g/L and 3.43 g/L, respectively). With 40 g/L butyric acid, the maximum docosahexaenoic acid content was 2.81 g/L, corresponding to 42.63% w/w of total lipids and a yield of 0.23 g/gcell dry weight (CDW). This marine oleaginous microorganism showed an elevated potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids production at higher acetic and butyric acid concentrations than previously reported. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy revealed that growth on butyric acid caused cell size to increase to 45 µm, one of the largest values reported for oleaginous microorganisms, as well as the presence of numerous tiny lipid droplets.

scholarly journals ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN RUMINANTS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. MacLEOD ◽  
E. R. ØRSKOV
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Utilization ◽  
Molar Percent

VFA absorption was investigated in sheep and cattle nourished by intragastric infusions. No differences in absorption were observed between the mixtures of VFA studied. However, unlike osmotic pressure, pH affected the relative proportions of VFA found in the rumen. At pH 7.0 the proportions found resembled those infused; at pH 5.3 acetic acid was 10 molar percent higher. Key words: Ruminant, intragastric volatile fatty acid utilization

scholarly journals Interconversions and production of volatile fatty acids in the sheep rumen

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
EN Bergman ◽  
RS Reid ◽  
MG Murray ◽  
JM Brockway ◽  
FG Whitelaw
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Sheep Rumen

1. Sheep fed at a constant rate were infused intraruminally with [1-(14)C]-acetate, -propionate or -butyrate during 5hr. periods. 2. Volatile fatty acids were estimated in the rumen contents and steady-state conditions were obtained. 3. Of the butyric acid carbon 60% was in equilibrium with 20% of the acetic acid carbon, and 2-3g.atoms of carbon were interconverted/day. 4. Little interconversion took place between propionic acid, acetic acid or butyric acid. 5. The net production rates for acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were 3.7, 1.0 and 0.7moles/day respectively. 6. The production of volatile fatty acids accounted for 80% of the animal's energy expenditure.

scholarly journals The fermentation of soluble carbohydrates in rumen contents of cows given diets containing a large proportion of flaked maize

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Experiments

1. Studies were made of the fermentation of D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and sucrose by rumen contents from two cows fed 1 kg hay and 4 or 5 kg flaked maize once daily. The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen before addition of carbohydrates varied widely but on average acetic acid constituted about 52%, propionic acid about 29% and n-butyric acid about 13% of the total.2. In in vitro experiments, 896 mg of the monosaccharides and 851 mg sucrose were added to 150 g mixed rumen contents incubated for 2 h; the carbohydrates were added at 10 min intervals throughout the incubation on three occasions with each cow. Mean proportions of the carbohydrates fermented ranged from about 60% of the pentoses to about 85% of sucrose and glucose. Of the VFA produced from galactose and the pentoses, acetic acid constituted about 40%, propionic acid 45–55% and n-butyric acid 1–7%; very little n-valeric acid was produced. With the other carbohydrates results from the two cows differed, owing mainly to the production of appreciable amounts of n-valeric acid with one cow only. Acetic acid constituted about 40% of the VFA produced from fructose and sucrose, propionic acid 20–40%, n-butyric acid 14–22% and n-valeric acid up to 12%. The proportions of VFA produced from glucose were intermediate between the other two groups.3. Net recovery of carbon from fermented carbohydrate in VFA was about 35–45%. A further 1–6%, of fermented glucose, fructose and sucrose was recovered in lactic acid.4. In in vivo experiments, the monosaccharides only were infused into the rumen for 8 h at the rate of 200 g/h. Changes in the concentrations of substrates and products varied widely, owing to the variable basal fermentation, but changes in the proportions of VFA in the rumen were similar to those found in vitro.5. The results of the in vitro experiments were compared with those obtained in earlier experiments in which the same cows were given a diet containing 70% hay. Significant regressions (P < 0.05) were found between the molar proportions of acetic, propionic and n-valeric acids produced from the substrates and the proportions of these acids present in the rumen contents at the start of the incubations, but the relationships differed markedly among the different carbohydrates. Most of the significant regressions were positive but negative regressions for propionic acid production from fructose and sucrose with one cow suggested the existence of more complex interrelationships among two or more VFA.

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