The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Bird ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Nonyl Phenol ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Protein Diets

1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of cattle on low-protein diets was studied using animals given free access to a basal diet of liquid molasses and 1500 g oaten straw/head per d. These diets induced moderate numbers of protozoa in the rumen.2. Nonyl phenol ethoxylate (trade name teric GN9) was used for defaunation; 100 g teric GN9 was found to be sufficient to eliminate protozoa from the rumen.3. In cattle given the basal diet without bypass protein supplementation, defaunation had no effect on growth rates. Addition of 240 g of a feed pellet containing bypass protein increased growth rate significantly. Growth rates were significantly increased by 43 % in cattle on the higher protein intake and where protozoa were removed. Intake of molasses was apparently stimulated by a protein supplementation but not by defaunation and this finding is discussed.4. The results demonstrate that in cattle given a molasses-based diet, low in bypass protein, growth rates can be stimulated by defaunation without an effect on feed intake, the main effect apparently arising through an increased efficiency of utilization of feed.

Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Korir ◽  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
C. Gachuiri ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Ruminant productivity in the tropical Africa has remained low despite decades of research on animal nutrition and introduction of new breeds of animals mainly because of low-quality feeds available, especially during the dry season that is inefficiently utilised. This results in prolonged time for animals to mature and increased nutrient excretion to the environment. We conducted a study using yearling steers (n = 12, liveweight (LW) = 161.8 ± 10.89 kg) in a 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation and supplementation frequency on intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N supply in cattle consuming low-protein diets. The steers were maintained on ad libitum wheat straw (DM = 877 ± 5 g/kg, crude protein (CP) = 20.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), with supplemental protein supplied as air-dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves (DM = 897 ± 3 g/kg, CP = 257.5 ± 4.1 g/kg on a DM basis). Samples of basal diet, supplement, refusals, faecal matter and urine were collected and analysed per treatment. Supplementation increased intakes by the steers (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two supplementation frequencies (P > 0.404). Steers lost bodyweight (P < 0.05) on all treatments, but less so when supplemented. Nitrogen losses was reduced (P < 0.001) with supplementation (–33.3% vs 15.7%, s.e.m. 0.06). The increased N balance in animals receiving supplemented diets indicated that N retention actually improves with increased protein supplementation in animals fed low-protein diets, implying that improving protein supply to animals fed submaintenance diets will not only ameliorate production losses, but will actually decrease non-enteric greenhouse gas production and environmental N losses per animal product unit obtained.

scholarly journals The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of lambs on low-protein-high-energy diets

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Bird ◽  
M. K. Hill ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Low Levels

1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of lambs given low-protein-high-energy diets were studied using animals fedad lib.a basal diet of sugar and oaten chaff which was supplemented with fish meal at various levels. These diets supported relatively large populations of protozoa in the rumen.2. A nonly phenol ethoxylate (15 g, Teric GN9; ICI Australia Ltd) given intraruminally, was shown to be an effective means of defaunating the rumen and the lambs were maintained protozoa-free by isolation.3. In lambs given low levels of fish meal in the diet, the absence of rumen protozoa increased growth rate and improved the food conversion efficiency (g dry matter intake/g growth). These effects were not apparent at high levels of protein supplementation.4. These results suggested that the absence of rumen protozoa resulted in an increased availability of nutrients supplying both energy and amino acids since the efficiency of food utilization and the rate of wool growth (which is sensitive to amino acid supply) were increased in lambs on the low level of protein supplementation without apparently increasing food intake.

Effects of defaunation of the rumen and supplementation with amino acids on the wool production of housed Saxon Merinos. 2. Methionine and protected methionine

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Cottle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

In experiment 1, 6 groups, each of 10 superfine Merino wethers, were individually penned indoors and hand-fed oats, wheat straw and whole lupins, either alone or with 2 g/day of DL-methionine or 6.6 g/day of fatty acid coated methionine (Ketionin) for 23 weeks. Following shearing the 6 groups were hand-fed lucerne-chopped hay in experiment 2 either alone or with hydroxymethyl-methionine (Mepron) or Ketionin for 23 weeks. In both experiments the rations were fed at maintenance level and were offered 3 times a week. Half of the sheep had no rumen ciliate protozoa following treatment in a previous trial. In experiment 1, defaunated sheep produced an additional 6.5%clean wool on the supplemented oats plus lupins rations. Inclusion of Ketionin in the ration of defaunated sheep resulted in an 11% increase in clean wool growth, without affecting wool quality. In experiment 2 defaunated sheep produced an additional 6% clean wool on the lucerne-chopped hay ration. No responses to defaunation occurred on the supplemented rations. Inclusion of both forms of protected methionine in the ration (providing 2 g methionine/sheep.day) resulted in 23% and 13% higher clean wool production in the faunated and defaunated sheep respectively. Fibre diameter of wool was increased by 0.7 pm in sheep receiving Mepron and 0-5 pm in sheep receiving Ketionin. The wool grown by suppiemented sheep remained suitable for the 'Sharlea' trade (< 17.5 �m). It is concluded that wool growth responds more to defaunation on high energy-low protein diets. Wool growth responses to supplementation with protected methionine were greater on 100% roughage diets than on high grain diets. Further study is needed before an optimal ration for superfine wool production is formulated.

scholarly journals Influence of Different Methionine Sources on Performance and Slaughter Characteristics of Broilers

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ullrich ◽  
Marion Langeheine ◽  
Ralph Brehm ◽  
Venja Taube ◽  
Mercedes Rosillo Galera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Protein Diets

Sustainably produced poultry meat with consideration of animal health poses a challenge for broiler production. Low protein diets with high amounts of synthetic amino acids (AAs) like methionine (Met) are the consequence. In a five-week feeding trial, 360 broilers (Ross 308) assigned to four feeding groups were offered protein-reduced complete diets (starter: 20% crude protein (CP); grower: 18.5% CP; finisher: 17.5% CP), supplemented with essential AAs. The “MHA” group received DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA; trade name: MHA®), groups “L” and “DL” the respective Met source in equivalent concentrations each exceeding the nutritional recommendations. “R-MHA” (“R” for “reduced”) received the minimum required level (using MHA as Met source). Performance exceeded performance goals without differences between the groups. The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) amounted to 1.35. The carcass/body weight ratio of R-MHA was significantly lower (0.782) compared to DL (0.808) and L (0.809). Breast meat of R-MHA contained significantly more fat (144 g/kg dry matter (DM)) compared to L (104 g/kg DM) and significantly lower CP content (R-MHA: 838 g/kg DM; L: 875 g/kg DM). The results indicated possible improvement in slaughter yield by protein-reduced diets supplemented with L-Met, thus recommending further research focusing on the Met influence.

scholarly journals HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION

1946 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Output

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneousiy new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The reserve stores of blood protein-producing materials in this way are largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. These incomplete experiments are not recorded in the present paper but give supporting evidence in harmony with those tabulated. Under these conditions (double depletion) the dogs use effectively the proteins listed above—egg, lactalbumin, meat, beef plasma, and digests of various food proteins and hemoglobin. Egg protein at times seems to favor slightly the production of plasma protein when compared with the average response (Tables 1 and 2). Various digests and concentrates compare favorably with good food proteins in the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein in these doubly depleted dogs. Whole beef plasma by mouth is well utilized and the production of new hemoglobin is, if anything, above the average—certainly plasma protein production is not especially favored. "Modified" beef plasma by vein causes fatal anaphylaxis (Table 4). Hemoglobin digests are well used by mouth to form both hemoglobin and plasma protein. Supplementation by amino acids is recorded. Methionine in one experiment may have been responsible for a better protein output and digest utilization (Table 7).

Effect of different levels of Amino acids in low protein diets on egg production, anti-oxidant response and immune parameters in Dahlem Red Layers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Prakash ◽  
S. V. Rama Rao ◽  
M.V.L.N. Raju ◽  
S. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Different Levels

The present investigation was undertaken (June 2014 to September 2014 ) to determine the effects of feeding low protein (16%) diets containing varied levels of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) on performance, anti-oxidant response and immune parameters in Dahlem Red (DR) chickens. A total of 200 DR layers (25 weeks) were distributed into 5 groups having 8 replicates with 5 birds in each replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated i.e., basal diet with Lys 0.63%, Met 0.28% and Thr 0.43% (Diet I), Lys 0.68%, Met 0.30% and Thr 0.46% (Diet II), Lys 0.73%, Met 0.32% and Thr 0.50% (Diet III), Lys 0.78%, Met 0.34% and Thr 0.53% (Diet IV), and Lys 0.83%, Met 0.37% and Thr 0.56% (Diet V). The feed intake during 29-32 weeks was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the group fed Diet III compared to the group fed Diet V. The egg production during 33-36 weeks was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher among the groups fed Diets II and III compared to the group fed Diet I. The better (P less than 0.01) feed efficiency was recorded among the groups fed Diet I, II and III compared to those fed Diets IV and V. However, cell mediated immune response, glutathione peroxidise, glutathione reductase activities among the various dietary groups did not differ among the groups. It is concluded that supplementing Lys 0.68%, Met 0.30% and Thr 0.46% to the moderately lower protein based diets is sufficient in achieving the optimal productive performance in Dahlem Red layers.

The effect of supplementary nickel on urea metabolism in sheep given a low-protein diet

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 81-81
Author(s):  
J.S. Milne ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Urea Metabolism ◽  
Protein Diets

Rumen bacterial urease is known to be a nickel-dependent enzyme and work in USA has shown that the addition of Ni to ruminant diets can increase the activity of urease in rumen fluid (Spears et al., 1977) and in rumen epithelial tissue (Spears et al., 1979)- In practical feeding trials the addition of 5 ppm Ni has also been shown to increase growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in lambs and steers given high-energy low-protein diets (Spears et al., 1979; Spears, 1984). On the basis of these findings it has been suggested that Ni acts by virtue of its effect on rumen urease activity to enhance the recycling of urea-N to the rumen when dietary N supply is low (Spears, 1980). This hypothesis however does not appear to have been tested by direct measurements of the effect of Ni supplements on urea synthesis and degradation rates in ruminants given low protein diets.

scholarly journals The influence of maternal protein nutrition on offspring development and metabolism: the role of glucocorticoids

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Almond ◽  
P. Bikker ◽  
M. Lomax ◽  
M. E. Symonds ◽  
A. Mostyn
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neonatal Body Composition ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Protein Diets

The consequences of sub-optimal nutrition through alterations in the macronutrient content of the maternal diet will not simply be reflected in altered neonatal body composition and increased mortality, but are likely to continue into adulthood and confer greater risk of metabolic disease. One mechanism linking manipulations of the maternal environment to an increased risk of later disease is enhanced fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC). Tissue sensitivity to cortisol is regulated, in part, by the GC receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2. Several studies have shown the effects of maternal undernutrition, particularly low-protein diets, on the programming of GC action in the offspring; however, dietary excess is far more characteristic of the diets consumed by contemporary pregnant women. This study investigated the programming effects of moderate protein supplementation in pigs throughout pregnancy. We have demonstrated an up-regulation of genes involved in GC sensitivity, such as GC receptor and 11β-HSD, in the liver, but have yet to detect any other significant changes in these piglets, with no differences observed in body weight or composition. This increase in GC sensitivity was similar to the programming effects observed following maternal protein restriction or global undernutrition during pregnancy.

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