Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Korir ◽  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
C. Gachuiri ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Ruminant productivity in the tropical Africa has remained low despite decades of research on animal nutrition and introduction of new breeds of animals mainly because of low-quality feeds available, especially during the dry season that is inefficiently utilised. This results in prolonged time for animals to mature and increased nutrient excretion to the environment. We conducted a study using yearling steers (n = 12, liveweight (LW) = 161.8 ± 10.89 kg) in a 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation and supplementation frequency on intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N supply in cattle consuming low-protein diets. The steers were maintained on ad libitum wheat straw (DM = 877 ± 5 g/kg, crude protein (CP) = 20.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), with supplemental protein supplied as air-dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves (DM = 897 ± 3 g/kg, CP = 257.5 ± 4.1 g/kg on a DM basis). Samples of basal diet, supplement, refusals, faecal matter and urine were collected and analysed per treatment. Supplementation increased intakes by the steers (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two supplementation frequencies (P > 0.404). Steers lost bodyweight (P < 0.05) on all treatments, but less so when supplemented. Nitrogen losses was reduced (P < 0.001) with supplementation (–33.3% vs 15.7%, s.e.m. 0.06). The increased N balance in animals receiving supplemented diets indicated that N retention actually improves with increased protein supplementation in animals fed low-protein diets, implying that improving protein supply to animals fed submaintenance diets will not only ameliorate production losses, but will actually decrease non-enteric greenhouse gas production and environmental N losses per animal product unit obtained.

The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Bird ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Nonyl Phenol ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Protein Diets

1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of cattle on low-protein diets was studied using animals given free access to a basal diet of liquid molasses and 1500 g oaten straw/head per d. These diets induced moderate numbers of protozoa in the rumen.2. Nonyl phenol ethoxylate (trade name teric GN9) was used for defaunation; 100 g teric GN9 was found to be sufficient to eliminate protozoa from the rumen.3. In cattle given the basal diet without bypass protein supplementation, defaunation had no effect on growth rates. Addition of 240 g of a feed pellet containing bypass protein increased growth rate significantly. Growth rates were significantly increased by 43 % in cattle on the higher protein intake and where protozoa were removed. Intake of molasses was apparently stimulated by a protein supplementation but not by defaunation and this finding is discussed.4. The results demonstrate that in cattle given a molasses-based diet, low in bypass protein, growth rates can be stimulated by defaunation without an effect on feed intake, the main effect apparently arising through an increased efficiency of utilization of feed.

scholarly journals NITROGEN RETENTION IN RAPIDLY-GROWING STEERS GIVEN UREA SUPPLEMENTED DIETS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
O. A. Ikuwegbu
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Microbial N

Four calves equipped with permanent rumen and T-piece duodenal caninulus were given four diets in a Latin square experiment carried out at two stages of development. DM flow was measured by dual-phase markers. The basal diet of hay and concentrate was calculated to be low In rumen degradable N (RDN) and. tissue N. Additional RDN was provided by ad­ding 6, 12 or 18g urea/kg concentrate. Supplementary urea did not affect OM digestion either in the stomach or In the entire digestive tract. At the older age OM digestion in the stomach and the entire tract was significantly higher. On the basal diet, N retention was low. The flow of microbial N measured by the DAPA technique was not affected by diet and it was calculated that between 3 and 7g "s/d were recycled to the rumen. The addition of supplementary urea increased N retention par­ticularly at the lowest level of supplementation due to a concomitant decrease In urinary N.

scholarly journals Undernutrition in sheep. Nitrogen repletion by N-depleted sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
N. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Treatment ◽  
N Requirement

1. Wether lambs of 29–44 kg live-weight, totally nourished by the infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) into the rumen and casein into the abomasum, were given five treatments in consecutive periods. The treatments were (daily amounts per kg live weight (W)0.75): (a) high-protein for 7 d (2500 mg nitrogen, 650 kJ VFA); (b) low-protein for 7–15 d (525 mg N, 650 kJ VFA); (c) N-free for 7 d (no N, 450 kJ VFA); (d) very-low-protein for 24–28 d (300 mg N, 400 kJ VFA); (e) high-protein for 40 d (2500 mg N, 650 kJ VFA). Nine lambs were subjected to treatments (a), (b) and (c) (Expt 1) and four of the lambs additionally received treatments (d) and (e) (Expt 2).2. In Expt 1 all nine lambs had a positive N retention on treatment (a) but abrupt change to treatment (b) resulted in substantial negative N balances initially, and a period of approximately 5 d adaptation was required before N equilibrium was re-established. Animals again exhibited negative N balances when the N-free infusion (treatment c) was introduced and during that period there was no evidence of adaptation. Basal urinary N excretion was estimated to be 356 (SE 12) mg N/kg W0.75.3. In Expt 2 all four lambs were depleted of N when receiving the very-low-protein treatment (d). The progressively decreasing N losses recorded during days 1 to 12 of the treatment period were slightly greater than those recorded during days 13 to 28 but the difference between the means was not significant (P > 0.05). There was no evidence of an adaptation in N retention between days 13 and 28 of the treatment. As assessed during days 13 to 28 of the treatment the efficiency of utilization of infused casein N was 1.0; this compared with a value of 0.66 recorded during treatment (b) in Expt 1. Live weight loss during the period of N depletion was 101 (SE 27) g/d.4. When lambs were given treatment (e) during the last period of Expt 2, N repletion was rapid and complete within a few days. Ten days after the introduction of the treatment the rate of N retention was estimated to be 1019 (SE 38) mg/kg W0.75 per d and this value declined at a rate of 9.5 (SE 1.9) mg N/kg W0.76 per d for the following 30 d. In comparison, N retention determined for the high-protein treatment in Expt 1 was 724 (SE 66) mg N/kg W0.75 per d. Live-weight gains during N repletion were 292 (SE 26) g/d.5. It is concluded that N-depleted lambs can replete rapidly and that enhanced N accretion (compensatory growth) may persist for 4–5 weeks. If the improved efficiency of utilization of infused N observed during N depletion reflects a changed basal N requirement, the validity of simple factorial systems for estimating N requirement is called into question.

scholarly journals HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION

1946 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Output

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneousiy new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The reserve stores of blood protein-producing materials in this way are largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. These incomplete experiments are not recorded in the present paper but give supporting evidence in harmony with those tabulated. Under these conditions (double depletion) the dogs use effectively the proteins listed above—egg, lactalbumin, meat, beef plasma, and digests of various food proteins and hemoglobin. Egg protein at times seems to favor slightly the production of plasma protein when compared with the average response (Tables 1 and 2). Various digests and concentrates compare favorably with good food proteins in the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein in these doubly depleted dogs. Whole beef plasma by mouth is well utilized and the production of new hemoglobin is, if anything, above the average—certainly plasma protein production is not especially favored. "Modified" beef plasma by vein causes fatal anaphylaxis (Table 4). Hemoglobin digests are well used by mouth to form both hemoglobin and plasma protein. Supplementation by amino acids is recorded. Methionine in one experiment may have been responsible for a better protein output and digest utilization (Table 7).

scholarly journals PSVII-36 Late-Breaking Abstract: Protein concentrations in basal diets affect metabolizable energy of feed ingredients determined by difference procedure in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Jung Yeol Sung ◽  
Beob G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The objective was to investigate the influence of crude protein (CP) concentrations in the basal diet on the metabolizable energy (ME) of feed ingredients determined using the difference procedure in pigs. Twelve barrows (73.7 ± 5.5 kg body weight) individually housed in metabolism crates were used. A low-protein basal diet (LPBD, 7.4% CP) was composed of 97.5% corn as the sole energy source and a high-protein basal diet (HPBD, 14.3% CP) was composed of 78.0% corn and 19.6% soybean meal. Four additional diets were prepared by replacing 20% of the energy sources in the basal diets with full-fat soybean (FFSB, 37.7% CP) or soy protein isolate (SPI, 87.6% CP). The 6 experimental diets were fed to 12 pigs employing a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods. Each period was consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 4 days of collection period and the marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. Urinary gross energy output was greater (243 vs. 176 kcal/d; P &lt; 0.05) in the HPBD group compared with the LPBD group. While ME in the HPBD was greater (3,418 vs. 3,322 kcal/kg; P &lt; 0.05) than in the LPBD, ME in FFSB diets (3,585 and 3,633 kcal/kg in the LPBD and HPBD group, respectively) and SPI diets (3,537 and 3,537 kcal/kg, respectively) were not different between the 2 basal diet groups. Metabolizable energy of the test ingredients was less (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed the HPBD group (4,565 and 4,111 kcal/kg in FFSB and SPI, respectively) compared with pigs fed the LPBD group (4,756 and 4,517 kcal/kg in FFSB and SPI, respectively). In conclusion, as the protein in the basal diet increases, metabolizable energy in a test ingredient determined using the difference procedure decreases mainly due to greater urinary energy output in pigs.

scholarly journals Impacts of Age, Genotype and Feeding Low-Protein Diets on the N-Balance Parameters of Fattening Pigs

Agriculture ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Ilona Anna Geicsnek-Koltay ◽  
Zsuzsanna Benedek ◽  
Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai ◽  
Nikoletta Such ◽  
László Pál ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Large White ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Fattening Pigs

The effects of feeding low-protein (LP) diets and the age and genotype of fattening pigs were evaluated in an N-balance trial. Sixty weaned piglets of two genotypes were allotted to three different diets. Besides the control diets for the crossbred Topigs 20 × DanBred Duroc (TD) and Hungarian Large White (HLW) pigs, two LP diets were fed containing 1.5 (T1.5) and 3% (T3) less dietary protein than the control. The LP diets were supplemented with crystalline lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and methionine to equalize their digestible amino acid contents. Starter diets were fed between 20–30, grower I between 30–40, grower II between 40–80 and finisher between 80–110 kg live weights. Pigs were kept in floor pens, with 10 animals per pen. In all phases, six pigs with similar live weight were placed into individual balance cages and in the frame of a seven-day long balance trial, the daily N-intake, fecal and urinary N-excretion were measured. From the data N-digestibility, the total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and N-retention were calculated. All the investigated main factors, the genotype and age of pigs and the protein content of the diets had significant effects on the N-balance of fattening pigs. The determinacy of the factors depended on the investigated parameter. Fecal N-excretion and N-digestibility were steadier compared with the urinary N-exertion and TAN percentage. N-digestibility increased and the urinary N-excretion decreased when LP diets were fed. The urinary N-decreasing effect of LP diets was not linear. Compared with the control (19.6 gN/day), T1.5 treatment resulted in 14.5, treatment T3 in 12.4 g daily urinary N-excretion. The TAN and the N-retention of HLW pigs were more favorable than those of TD pigs. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the accuracy of the nitrogen and TAN excretion values of pigs, used in the calculation of the national NH3 inventories, could be improved if the genotype, the more detailed age categories and the different protein levels of feeds are considered.

Effect of protein supplementation in the rumen, abomasum, or both on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen utilisation in cattle fed high-quality tropical forage

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Batista ◽  
E. Detmann ◽  
D. I. Gomes ◽  
L. M. A. Rufino ◽  
M. F. Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
N Compounds

Effects of differing proportions of ruminal and abomasal protein infusion on intake, digestion, ruminal dynamics and the metabolic parameters of nitrogen (N) compounds were evaluated in beef bulls fed high-quality tropical forage (98.6 g crude protein, CP/kg dry matter) for ad libitum intake. Four Nelore bulls (280 ± 10 kg bodyweight) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square. Treatments included: Control (no supplement) or 230 g/day of supplemental CP (as casein), with ratios of abomasal : ruminal infusion of 0 : 100, 50 : 50 or 100 : 0. Organic matter intake was not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.30), though N intake increased by supplementation (P < 0.001). Total CP and organic matter digestibility were increased (P < 0.02) by protein supplementation. Nitrogen balance was 43% greater (P < 0.02) in the treatments with supplementation. Although supplementation did not affect (P = 0.98) the efficiency of absorbed N, a tendency towards a positive linear effect (P = 0.08) was observed when modifying the site of supplementation from the rumen to the abomasum. Supplementation increased (P < 0.01) ruminal ammonia-N, serum urea-N, urinary N and urea-N excretion, which subsequently decreased linearly (P < 0.01) by the displacement of supplementation from the rumen to the abomasum. The results indicate that protein supplementation, either in the rumen or abomasum produces similar effects on N retention. However, the metabolic mechanisms responsible for the improved N retention appear to differ between supplementation sites. Additionally, the efficiency of N utilisation increases with infusion of protein into the abomasum.

Effect of different levels of Amino acids in low protein diets on egg production, anti-oxidant response and immune parameters in Dahlem Red Layers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Prakash ◽  
S. V. Rama Rao ◽  
M.V.L.N. Raju ◽  
S. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Different Levels

The present investigation was undertaken (June 2014 to September 2014 ) to determine the effects of feeding low protein (16%) diets containing varied levels of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) on performance, anti-oxidant response and immune parameters in Dahlem Red (DR) chickens. A total of 200 DR layers (25 weeks) were distributed into 5 groups having 8 replicates with 5 birds in each replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated i.e., basal diet with Lys 0.63%, Met 0.28% and Thr 0.43% (Diet I), Lys 0.68%, Met 0.30% and Thr 0.46% (Diet II), Lys 0.73%, Met 0.32% and Thr 0.50% (Diet III), Lys 0.78%, Met 0.34% and Thr 0.53% (Diet IV), and Lys 0.83%, Met 0.37% and Thr 0.56% (Diet V). The feed intake during 29-32 weeks was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the group fed Diet III compared to the group fed Diet V. The egg production during 33-36 weeks was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher among the groups fed Diets II and III compared to the group fed Diet I. The better (P less than 0.01) feed efficiency was recorded among the groups fed Diet I, II and III compared to those fed Diets IV and V. However, cell mediated immune response, glutathione peroxidise, glutathione reductase activities among the various dietary groups did not differ among the groups. It is concluded that supplementing Lys 0.68%, Met 0.30% and Thr 0.46% to the moderately lower protein based diets is sufficient in achieving the optimal productive performance in Dahlem Red layers.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEIN SOLUBILITY IN BICARBONATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE IN LAMBS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763
Author(s):  
M. V. ROGERS ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP
Keyword(s):  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Protein Diets

Six crossbred wether lambs were fed six isonitrogenous (15% protein) diets according to a 6 × 4 incomplete latin square with four 24-d periods. The diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial and contained high moisture ear corn (HMEC), supplemented with either brewer's dried grains (BDG) or linseed meal (LSM), containing 18% and 46% soluble protein, respectively. To each of these diets, sodium (Na) was either not added or added as NaHCO3 (4% of DM) or NaCl (2.8% of DM). Voluntary intake of organic matter (OM) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with both NaHCO3 and NaCl supplementation but the response was greater with NaHCO3 than with NaCl. Nitrogen retention tended to be reduced with NaHCO3 supplementation; the reduction was greater with the BDG diet than with the LSM diet. Compared to NaHCO3, NaCl caused a smaller reduction in nitrogen (N) retention when added to the BDG supplemented diet but improved N retention when added to the LSM diet. Blood bicarbonate and base excess (BE) values increased (P < 0.01) with NaHCO3 addition, but the increment in blood bicarbonate and BE tended to be higher with the BDG than the LSM diet. It is concluded that NaHCO3 could impair nitrogen retention by elevating blood bicarbonate in ruminants not suffering acid stress. Key words: Bicarbonate, nitrogen balance, protein solubility, acid-base balance, lambs

scholarly journals The influence of maternal protein nutrition on offspring development and metabolism: the role of glucocorticoids

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Almond ◽  
P. Bikker ◽  
M. Lomax ◽  
M. E. Symonds ◽  
A. Mostyn
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neonatal Body Composition ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Protein Diets

The consequences of sub-optimal nutrition through alterations in the macronutrient content of the maternal diet will not simply be reflected in altered neonatal body composition and increased mortality, but are likely to continue into adulthood and confer greater risk of metabolic disease. One mechanism linking manipulations of the maternal environment to an increased risk of later disease is enhanced fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC). Tissue sensitivity to cortisol is regulated, in part, by the GC receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2. Several studies have shown the effects of maternal undernutrition, particularly low-protein diets, on the programming of GC action in the offspring; however, dietary excess is far more characteristic of the diets consumed by contemporary pregnant women. This study investigated the programming effects of moderate protein supplementation in pigs throughout pregnancy. We have demonstrated an up-regulation of genes involved in GC sensitivity, such as GC receptor and 11β-HSD, in the liver, but have yet to detect any other significant changes in these piglets, with no differences observed in body weight or composition. This increase in GC sensitivity was similar to the programming effects observed following maternal protein restriction or global undernutrition during pregnancy.

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