scholarly journals The effect of phosphate and carbonate-bicarbonate supplements on the rumen buffering systems of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Emmanuel ◽  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
D. McAleese
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ph Range

1. Two wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were used to study the effect of two mineral supplements, Na2HPO4 and a 1:1 mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, on the buffering system in the rumen of sheep given a pelleted roughage-concentrate diet.2. Measurements were made of rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as well as rumen cellulase activity.3. The addition of either mineral supplement to the diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased the rumen pH values during the critical post-feeding period, there was a difference of only 0.5 pH unit between the minimum and maximum pH values.4. Both mineral supplements significantly increased the concentrations of CO2 in the rumen fluid and rumen cellulase activity. They resulted in a general reduction in total VFA concentrations. It is suggested that this may possibly arise from increased absorption of VFA associated with increased CO2 tension in the rumen fluid.5. The Na2HPO4 supplement significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the β values in the pH range 6–8, whereas the bicarbonate supplement contributed to raising the β values in the pH range 5–6.6. The bicarbonate supplements raised cellulose digestibility from 39.7% for the control diet to 45.6% and the addition of Na2HPO4 further raised the digestibility to 51.1%. It would appear that low rumen pH impairs rumen cellulase activity and this could be offset by the addition of mineral supplements.

scholarly journals The rumen buffering system of sheep fed pelleted roughage–concentrate rations

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Emmanuel ◽  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
D. M. Mcaleese
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Inverse Pattern

1. Three wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were given a pelleted roughage–concentrate ration containing 45% ground barley straw as roughage. The animals were given 1 kg of the diet at 08.00 h and 500 g at 17.00 h.2. The measurements made to determine the buffering components of the rumen fluid were: rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. β was expressed as the quantity of titrant (m-equiv./l.) required to bring about 2 unit changes in rumen fluid pH. The pH ranges in which the β values were measured were 4–6, 5–7 and 6–8. All measurements were made at hourly intervals over a 9 h period commencing 1 h before feeding.3. Rumen pH values were high before feeding, decreased to a minimum 2 h after feeding and then increased to approximately the original values. The concentrations of total VFA followed an inverse pattern. There was diurnal variation in the concentrations of CO2 but inorganic P levels varied very little throughout the day.4. Significant correlations were obtained between VFA, inorganic P and CO2 levels and the β values. It would appear that the bicarbonate and phosphate buffers were not effective in regulating the rumen pH when sheep were given a roughage–concentrate ration.

The effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal concentrations of ammonia in animals given diets of grass silage

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
Wilma Wilson ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
J. C. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ammonia Release ◽  
Sugar Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
N Compounds

SummaryA total of 15 rumen-cannulated sheep and four rumen-cannulated goats (Expt 3) were used in five latin square experiments designed to investigate the effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal ammonia concentration in animals given grass silage diets. In Expt 1 barley supplements were given at the same time, 1 h before or 2 h before a meal of silage. The treatments were designed to alter the synchronization between energy release from fermentation of barley and ammonia release from the degradation of silage N compounds. As compared with the unsupplemented control diet, barley supplements reduced (P < 0–05) rumen ammonia concentration and increased (P < 0–01) the number of total protozoa, but the time at which barley was given was without effect. In Expt 2 animals receiving silage or silage-barley diets were defaunated chemically. This treatment led to a 20–25 % reduction in rumen ammonia concentration. In Expt 3 supplements of maize starch, glucose and sucrose were compared. Mean ammonia concentrations were 231 mg/1 for the control unsupplemented diet and 205, 155 and 160 mg/1 (S.E. 21) for the starch, glucose and sucrose treatments. Corresponding numbers of protozoa were 7–7, 15–1, 6–1 and 6–3 x 10s/ml (S.E. 1–8). In Expt 4 the diets were unsupplemented silage or the same diet plus supplements of sucrose or xylose. Xylose reduced ammonia concentration more than sucrose, the values (mg/1) being 236 (control), 206 (sucrose) and 125 (xylose) (S.E. 19). There was no difference between the supplements in numbers of protozoa. Xylose induced a smaller reduction in pH, a higher (P < 0–05) proportion of acetate and a lower (P < 0–05) proportion of butyrate in rumen fluid than did sucrose. Effects of rumen pH were examined in Expt 5 where supplements of sucrose were given alone or together with NaHCO3. Rumen pH values were 6–38 for the control unsupplemented diet and 5–99, 6–28 and 6–55 (S.E. 0–06) for the diets supplemented with sucrose, sucrose plus 50 g NaHC03 and sucrose plus 100 g NaHCO3. Corresponding values for ruminal ammonia were 193, 151, 93 and 41 mg/1 (S.E. 10). Differences in VFA proportions between sucrose treatments were small and significant (P < 0–05) only for butyrate. It is concluded that there are important differences between carbohydrate sources in their effects on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Differences between starch and sugars appear to relate to the influence of the carbohydrates on the microbial population of the rumen, as was indicated by the differential effects of the carbohydrate sources on the number of total protozoa; differences between sugars appear to depend in part on the rates of sugar fermentation and the associated reduction in rumen pH.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: COMPARISON WITH HIGHER VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS, SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND ALFALFA FIBER ON INTAKE, ENVIRONMENT AND DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND DIGESTA PASSAGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NDLOVU ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Nine lambs fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two 5 × 5 Latin squares to measure the effect of alfalfa hay, C4- and C5-branched- and straight-chain volatile fatty acids (C4/C5 VFAs), cell wall from alfalfa hay (ALFCW) and a soybean protein preparation on intake and rumen digestion of a basal corncob diet with urea included at 30 g kg−1. Relative to the control, alfalfa hay decreased (P < 0.05) intake of the basal diet but increased (P < 0.05) total dry matter intake. ALFCW and soybean protein did not affect intake of the basal diet and total dry matter (P > 0.05). C4/C5 VFAs increased intake of basal diet by sheep in one square (P < 0.05) but had no effect (P > 0.05) on intake with sheep in the other square. Alfalfa hay, ALFCW and soybean protein increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration in rumen fluid while only alfalfa hay and C4/C5 VFAs consistently increased isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate levels in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control diet, soybean protein elevated (P < 0.05) mean rumen ammonia-N levels whereas C4/C5 VFAs depressed them; however, values exceeded 17 mg dL−1 rumen fluid on all treatments. Most measures of digestion kinetics of fiber from corncobs were unaffected by supplementation (P > 0.05). Alfalfa hay and ALFCW increased (P < 0.05) rate of passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa hay has a reduced role in improving intake of corncob diets when there is also sufficient NPN in the diet. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia levels, chromium-mordanted cell walls

scholarly journals Some effects of rumen ciliate protozoa in cattle given restricted amounts of a barley diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. S. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Two pairs of Friesian steers were changed fromad lib.to restricted intake of a pelleted barley diet and were maintained on this latter intake for periods of 18 or 25 weeks. The restricted level of intake was 70 g/kg0.73and was adjusted weekly according to individual live weights. The daily allowance was given in three equal feeds during day-time.2. After an initial period of 9 weeks on the restricted diet, during which all four animals were kept free of rumen ciliate protozoa, one member of each pair was given an inoculum of rumen ciliates. Eight weeks later, the ciliate-free member of the younger pair of steers was similarly inoculated. Observations were made on the rumen bacterial and protozoal populations and on changes in rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) throughout each treatment period. The concentrations of urea and haemoglobin in blood and of glucose and amino acids in plasma were examined on one occasion in each animal.3. In the absence of ciliates, restriction of intake resulted in rumen pH values and molar proportions of VFA similar to those normally encountered on anad lib.intake of a barley diet. A decrease in bacterial numbers and certain minor changes in bacterial types were observed on changing fromad lib.to restricted intake but the resultant population under ciliate-free conditions was basically the same as that found later in the faunated animals. In culture, organisms of the genusBacteroideswere predominant.4. Large populations of rumen ciliates were established in each animal inoculated. Relative to the ciliate-free periods, the presence of ciliates resulted in an increase in rumen pH, a reduction in total VFA concentration and a decrease in the ratio of propionic to butyric acid in rumen fluid. It is concluded that these changes are a direct effect of ciliate activity.5. Conditions within the rumen remained more stable from day to day when large ciliate populations were present than when ciliates were absent. In one animal, spontaneous fluctuations in ciliate number were accompanied by corresponding changes in rumen pH and VFA proportions.6. Significant differences were observed between faunated and ciliate-free animals in the concentration urea in blood and of glucose in plasma; only minor differences were noted in blood haemoglobin and plasma amino acid concentrations.

scholarly journals PSIX-20 Mechanisms of Programmed Nutrition in finishing cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 424-424
Author(s):  
Amanda P Schiff ◽  
Kyle McLeod ◽  
James L Klotz ◽  
Vaughn Holder ◽  
David L Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Programmed Nutrition Beef Program (Alltech Inc.) is a supplement that could reduce the use of feed additives such as Monensin and Tylosin in feedlots. The objective of this study was to examine changes in rumen fermentation when feeding Monensin/Tylosin and Programmed Nutrition. Eight steers (BW = 363 ± 22 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment structure where animals were fed a high-concentrate diet at 2.0 x NEm. Treatments were Control (C; conventional trace mineral supplement), Control + Monensin + Tylosin (MT), Programmed Nutrition (PN; Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher), or Programmed Nutrition + Monensin + Tylosin (PNMT), incorporated daily to the diet at 75 g/day. Rumen pH was measured continuously for 48 h, rumen fluid was collected every 2 h for 48 h and analyzed for VFA. Dietary digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance were determined by collection of total urine and fecal output for 7 days, and indirect calorimetry for 48 h. Protein turnover was determined via 15N-glycine end-product method. The experiment was analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with mixed models of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). Mean differences were analyzed using LSD, rumen VFA and pH data were analyzed using repeated measures. There were no differences between treatments in DMI, ADG, dry matter digestibility and rumen pH. Addition of MT to the diet lowered fecal N output (P = 0.0092), ruminal valerate concentration (P = 0.0125) and molar proportion (P = 0.0235). When PN was fed in combination with MT it decreased ADF digestibility (P = 0.0342), protein turnover (P = 0.0211), protein synthesis (P = 0.0362) and protein degradation (P = 0.0292). Although no differences in ADG and dry matter digestibility were observed, significant metabolic changes occurred when supplementing PN with or without MT.

scholarly journals Effects of oregano (Oreganumonites L.) aromatic water on rumen microbial fermentation of Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114
Author(s):  
Serkan ÖZKAYA ◽  
Ozan Emre ALMALI ◽  
Yavuz AYAN ◽  
Sabri ERBAŞ ◽  
Taylan AKSU
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Different Doses

The study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of aromatic oregano water (AOW) on rumen fermentation of Holstein calves. For this purpose, 20 Holstein calves were divided into four groups (n = 5) and fed with three different doses of AOW (1, 1.5, and 2%). The experimental groups were formed as follows; the control group (CNT): milk + starter; G1: 1% AOW supplemented milk + starter; G2: 1.5% AOW supplemented milk + starter; G3: 2% AOW supplemented milk + starter. The rumen fluid was taken from the oesophagus at 60 days of age with the aid of a rumen probe. In acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and butyric acid (BA) except for total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) (P < 0.05), the numerical differences between the means of the groups were not found statistically significant. The rumen pH values of the groups were not affected by the addition of AOW. Likewise, the difference between the total bacteria and the numbers of protozoa, Entodinum, Diplodinium, Isotrichia, and Daystrichia were not statistically significant. The results of the study showed that the addition of AOW did not have a negative or positive effect on rumen fermentation of the calves.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43% of forage and 57% of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Calves were weighed immediately after birth and raised in individual hutches until d 70. The calves were then transferred to a heifer barn, housed within treatment in pairs (2 calves/pen). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction (primarily concentrate in this fraction), and against the long particle fraction (solely forage in this fraction), whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43 % of forage and 57 % of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction, and against the long particle fraction, whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

Effects of phosphorus supplementation in high-grain diets on blood, chemical and physical parameters of bones of feedlot Nellore bulls

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius C. Souza ◽  
Pedro Malafaia ◽  
Yury T. Granja-Salcedo ◽  
Bruno R. Vieira ◽  
Raphael S. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
P Values ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Needle Penetration

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphorus supplementation (PS) on blood, chemical and physical parameters from bones of feedlot Nellore bulls. Forty-two animals were distributed in a completely randomised design consisting of three treatments and 14 replicates. The treatments consisted of no supplementary phosphorus (P; T1; 2.4 g P/kg DM), a commercial mineral supplement formulated according to recommendations from the main Brazilian industries of mineral supplements for feedlot beef cattle (T2; 4.2 g P/kg DM) and dicalcium phosphate (T3; 5.0 g P/kg DM) in high-grain diets. The animals submitted or not to PS had similar calcium (Ca) and P values, Ca : P ratio, specific gravity, cortical thickness and bone mineral density in the 12th rib. However, a decrease in magnesium (Mg) concentration was observed in the 12th rib in T1 and T3 treatments throughout the study (P < 0.05). The animals in T1 had lower cortical thickness of the metacarpus (P < 0.05), without compromising its resistance and stiffness (P > 0.05). To evaluate the P status in the animals, we performed the needle test, which allowed an assessment of differences in bone strength on the basis of the resistance to needle penetration on the transverse process (TP) of the lumbar vertebrae. Throughout the trial period, no animals were positive for the needle test conducted in the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. The PS significantly changed parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase concentrations (P < 0.05) and the animals in T1 had lower concentrations of these hormones. However, there was no effect of PS on the concentration of Ca and P in the serum of animals (P > 0.05). The inclusion of a mineral mix supplement in T2 resulted in higher Mg concentrations in the serum of animals (P > 0.05). P supplementation for Nellore bulls, fed high proportions of concentrate during the feedlot period, resulted in no benefits in neither chemical nor physical properties of their bones and the level in the control diet appeared adequate in these circumstances.

scholarly journals Rumen fermentation and microbial population in lactating dairy cows receiving diets containing oilseeds rich in C-18 fatty acids

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
H. V. Petit ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
A.-D. G. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dietary Linoleic Acid ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Sixteen Holstein rumen-cannulated primiparous milking dairy cows were fed a control diet (CN) based on maize silage and soyabean meal during a 4-week period before the start of a 21-d experiment with oilseeds containing high concentration of linoleic acid (Linola™) or linolenic acid (NuLin™). Thereafter, four cows receivedad libitumone of each of four dietary treatments comprising of CN, Linola (LN), NuLin (NL) and LN/NL (50/50 % combination). Each LN, NL and LN/NL treatment contained 6 % oil of DM. Rumen digesta samples were collected on days 6, 11, 16 and 21 and milk samples on days 13, 15 and 17. There were no effects (P>0·05) of the oilseeds on pH and concentrations of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids, while the acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P< 0·05). The oilseeds also decreased (P< 0·05) protozoa and increased (P< 0·1) total cellulolytic bacteria in rumen fluid, especially when containing high dietary linoleic acid (P< 0·05). The milk protein concentration was increased (P< 0·1) by the dietary linoleic acid, which produced most beneficial results. It was concluded that supplements of linoleic acid in diets of ruminants might contribute to better digestion of dietary fibre and increased quality of milk.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document