scholarly journals The rumen buffering system of sheep fed pelleted roughage–concentrate rations

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Emmanuel ◽  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
D. M. Mcaleese
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Inverse Pattern

1. Three wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were given a pelleted roughage–concentrate ration containing 45% ground barley straw as roughage. The animals were given 1 kg of the diet at 08.00 h and 500 g at 17.00 h.2. The measurements made to determine the buffering components of the rumen fluid were: rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. β was expressed as the quantity of titrant (m-equiv./l.) required to bring about 2 unit changes in rumen fluid pH. The pH ranges in which the β values were measured were 4–6, 5–7 and 6–8. All measurements were made at hourly intervals over a 9 h period commencing 1 h before feeding.3. Rumen pH values were high before feeding, decreased to a minimum 2 h after feeding and then increased to approximately the original values. The concentrations of total VFA followed an inverse pattern. There was diurnal variation in the concentrations of CO2 but inorganic P levels varied very little throughout the day.4. Significant correlations were obtained between VFA, inorganic P and CO2 levels and the β values. It would appear that the bicarbonate and phosphate buffers were not effective in regulating the rumen pH when sheep were given a roughage–concentrate ration.

scholarly journals The effect of phosphate and carbonate-bicarbonate supplements on the rumen buffering systems of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Emmanuel ◽  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
D. McAleese
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ph Range

1. Two wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were used to study the effect of two mineral supplements, Na2HPO4 and a 1:1 mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, on the buffering system in the rumen of sheep given a pelleted roughage-concentrate diet.2. Measurements were made of rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as well as rumen cellulase activity.3. The addition of either mineral supplement to the diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased the rumen pH values during the critical post-feeding period, there was a difference of only 0.5 pH unit between the minimum and maximum pH values.4. Both mineral supplements significantly increased the concentrations of CO2 in the rumen fluid and rumen cellulase activity. They resulted in a general reduction in total VFA concentrations. It is suggested that this may possibly arise from increased absorption of VFA associated with increased CO2 tension in the rumen fluid.5. The Na2HPO4 supplement significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the β values in the pH range 6–8, whereas the bicarbonate supplement contributed to raising the β values in the pH range 5–6.6. The bicarbonate supplements raised cellulose digestibility from 39.7% for the control diet to 45.6% and the addition of Na2HPO4 further raised the digestibility to 51.1%. It would appear that low rumen pH impairs rumen cellulase activity and this could be offset by the addition of mineral supplements.

scholarly journals Fermentation Pattern of Several Carbohydrate Sources Incubated in An in Vitro Semicontinuous System with Inocula From Ruminants Given Either Forage or Concentrate-Based Diets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahia Amanzougarene ◽  
Susana Yuste ◽  
Manuel Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Lactic Acid Concentration ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Microbial Structure ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Gas Volume

The fermentation pattern of several carbohydrate sources and their interaction with the nature of microbial inoculum was studied. Barley (B), maize (M), sorghum, (S), sugarbeet pulp (BP), citrus pulp (CP) and wheat bran (WB) were tested in an in vitro semicontinuous system maintaining poorly buffered conditions from 0 to 6 h, and being gradually buffered to 6.5 from 8 to 24 h to simulate the rumen pH pattern. Rumen fluid inoculum was obtained from lambs fed with either concentrate and barley straw (CI) or alfalfa hay (FI). The extent of fermentation was higher with CI than FI throughout the incubation (p < 0.05). Among the substrates, S, BP and M maintained the highest pH (p < 0.05), whereas CP recorded the lowest pH with both inocula. Similarly, CP recorded the highest gas volume throughout the incubation, followed by WB and B, and S recorded the lowest volume (p < 0.05). On average, the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), as well as lactic acid concentration, was higher with CP than in the other substrates (p < 0.05). The microbial structure was more affected by the animal donor of inoculum than by the substrate. The in vitro semicontinuous system allows for the study of the rumen environment acidification and substrate microbial fermentation under intensive feeding conditions.

scholarly journals The effect of different physical forms of starter feed on rumen fermentation indicators and weight gain in calves after weaning

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leoš Pavlata ◽  
Ondřej Šťastník ◽  
Štěpánka Křivová ◽  
Hana Dočkalová ◽  
Lenka Sedláková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different physical forms of starter feed on rumen fermentation indicators of calves after weaning and their weight gain. The experiment was performed with Czech Fleckvieh calves after weaning. The calves were fed ad libitum completely pelleted starter feed or texturized starter feed with chopped straw. The rumen fluid samples were collected after a month of feeding the starter feeds. The calves were weighed monthly. The pH, total acidity, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactic acid, ammonia and the number of rumen ciliate protozoa were determined in the rumen fluid samples. The calves receiving the starter feed with straw showed significantly higher rumen pH (6.24 ± 0.51 vs. 5.58 ± 0.30), total volatile fatty acids (98.02 ± 20.46 vs. 61.40 ± 26.51 mmol/l), molar proportion of acetate (61.20 ± 4.87 vs. 50.53 ± 4.66%), and the acetate:propionate ratio (2.38 ± 0.53 vs. 1.34 ± 0.18) and lower molar proportion of propionate (26.55 ± 4.48 vs. 37.92 ± 3.58%) compared with the calves receiving pelleted starter feed. Average daily gain of the calves did not differ significantly. The feeding of starter feed with chopped straw compared with the pelleted starter feed led to better development of the rumen fermentation evaluated by rumen pH, by total volatile fatty acids production, and by the proportion and ratio of acetic and propionic acids. The feeding of starter feed with chopped straw reduced the occurrence of subacute ruminal acidosis in the weaned calves.

A note on the effect of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the rumen fermentation of sheep given straw

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
P. M. Hotten ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Final Extent ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Eight mature Dorset-cross sheep, each fitted with a permanent rumen cannula, were given a diet of chopped barley straw (plus urea and minerals) either with or without an Aspergillus oryzae (AO) fermentation extract (2 glday). The addition of AO fermentation extract to the diet increased the initial rate of straw degradation (P < 0·05) but did not alter the final extent of degradation. Total culturable bacteria increased with AO treatment but numbers of cellulolytic bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and aerobic fungi, were not significantly altered. Rumen pH, liquid clearance rate, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, butyrate, L-lactate and ammonia concentrations were also unaffected.

The effect of host diet on the cumulative gas production profile of grass hay and high temperature dried grass

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 224-226
Author(s):  
J. A. Huntingtont ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Host Diet

The gas production (GP) technique (e.g. Theodorou et al., 1994; Cone, 1994) is increasingly used as an indirect measure of substrate fermentability in the rumen. However, there are few data concerning the effect of making changes to the various integral steps of the GP procedure. This experiment was designed to study the effect of the host diet on the gas production profiles of grass hay and high temperature dried grass (HTDG).Two cows were given either a silage:barley diet (80:20 dry-matter (DM) basis) or barley straw (ad libitum). Four experimental periods with an adaptation period of 3 weeks were used so that each animal experienced each diet type twice. Rumen fluid and solids were collected at the end of each 3-week period, prepared and used to inoculate the cultures. Duplicate samples (milled, 1-mm screen) of either hay or HTDG were accurately weighed (̴ 0-5 g DM) into 250 ml bottles, 85 ml anaerobic buffer (as Theodorou et al., 1994) were then dispensed into each bottle before being connected to the automated GP data logger (as Cone, 1994). After 16 h bottles were inoculated with rumen fluid (15 ml) according to the experimental design and incubated at 39°C for 48 h. The GP data were fitted to the model suggested by France et al. (1993). A representative sample (8 ml) of final culture fluid was preserved with 1 mol/1 orthophosphoric acid (2 ml) and stored frozen (-20°C) to await analysis for volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals Duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Polyplastron multivesiculatum

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
K.M. Koenig ◽  
D.P. Morgavi ◽  
L.M. Rode ◽  
C.J. Newbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Equal Degree ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Protozoan Species

Three groups of five rumen and duodenum cannulated fauna-free sheep were used in a 28d experiment. One group remained fauna-free, whereas the second (EN) and third (PP) groups, respectively, were inoculated intraruminally with the protozoan species Entodinium caudatum and Polyplastron multivesiculatum. Rumen fluid, duodenal digesta and faecal samples were collected during the last 12d. The flow of digesta to the duodenum was determined using Yb and Co as dual-phase markers. 15Nitrogen and phosphatidylcholine were used as markers to calculate the duodenal flow of bacterial and protozoal N, respectively. Results showed an increase (P<0·1) in the rumen concentration of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids, and a decrease (P<0·05) in the duodenal flow of non-NH3-N and bacterial N in sheep with EN and PP monofaunas, compared with fauna-free sheep. There were no differences (P>0·05) in these variables between the two monofauna groups. Protozoal N accounted for 8% of the duodenal non-NH3-N flow in the EN-monofaunated sheep, whereas no such flow was detected in the PP-monofaunated sheep. Apparent rumen digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were similar (P>0·05) in the monofaunated groups of sheep, but rumen acid detergent fibre digestibility was higher (P<0·05) in the monofaunated than in the fauna-free groups. Experimental results suggested that, unlike EN, the PP monofauna might not contribute to the duodenal flow of microbial protein, whereas both monofaunas showed a virtually equal degree of predation on rumen bacteria.

scholarly journals Some effects of rumen ciliate protozoa in cattle given restricted amounts of a barley diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. S. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Two pairs of Friesian steers were changed fromad lib.to restricted intake of a pelleted barley diet and were maintained on this latter intake for periods of 18 or 25 weeks. The restricted level of intake was 70 g/kg0.73and was adjusted weekly according to individual live weights. The daily allowance was given in three equal feeds during day-time.2. After an initial period of 9 weeks on the restricted diet, during which all four animals were kept free of rumen ciliate protozoa, one member of each pair was given an inoculum of rumen ciliates. Eight weeks later, the ciliate-free member of the younger pair of steers was similarly inoculated. Observations were made on the rumen bacterial and protozoal populations and on changes in rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) throughout each treatment period. The concentrations of urea and haemoglobin in blood and of glucose and amino acids in plasma were examined on one occasion in each animal.3. In the absence of ciliates, restriction of intake resulted in rumen pH values and molar proportions of VFA similar to those normally encountered on anad lib.intake of a barley diet. A decrease in bacterial numbers and certain minor changes in bacterial types were observed on changing fromad lib.to restricted intake but the resultant population under ciliate-free conditions was basically the same as that found later in the faunated animals. In culture, organisms of the genusBacteroideswere predominant.4. Large populations of rumen ciliates were established in each animal inoculated. Relative to the ciliate-free periods, the presence of ciliates resulted in an increase in rumen pH, a reduction in total VFA concentration and a decrease in the ratio of propionic to butyric acid in rumen fluid. It is concluded that these changes are a direct effect of ciliate activity.5. Conditions within the rumen remained more stable from day to day when large ciliate populations were present than when ciliates were absent. In one animal, spontaneous fluctuations in ciliate number were accompanied by corresponding changes in rumen pH and VFA proportions.6. Significant differences were observed between faunated and ciliate-free animals in the concentration urea in blood and of glucose in plasma; only minor differences were noted in blood haemoglobin and plasma amino acid concentrations.

scholarly journals Effects of oregano (Oreganumonites L.) aromatic water on rumen microbial fermentation of Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114
Author(s):  
Serkan ÖZKAYA ◽  
Ozan Emre ALMALI ◽  
Yavuz AYAN ◽  
Sabri ERBAŞ ◽  
Taylan AKSU
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Different Doses

The study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of aromatic oregano water (AOW) on rumen fermentation of Holstein calves. For this purpose, 20 Holstein calves were divided into four groups (n = 5) and fed with three different doses of AOW (1, 1.5, and 2%). The experimental groups were formed as follows; the control group (CNT): milk + starter; G1: 1% AOW supplemented milk + starter; G2: 1.5% AOW supplemented milk + starter; G3: 2% AOW supplemented milk + starter. The rumen fluid was taken from the oesophagus at 60 days of age with the aid of a rumen probe. In acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and butyric acid (BA) except for total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) (P < 0.05), the numerical differences between the means of the groups were not found statistically significant. The rumen pH values of the groups were not affected by the addition of AOW. Likewise, the difference between the total bacteria and the numbers of protozoa, Entodinum, Diplodinium, Isotrichia, and Daystrichia were not statistically significant. The results of the study showed that the addition of AOW did not have a negative or positive effect on rumen fermentation of the calves.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43% of forage and 57% of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Calves were weighed immediately after birth and raised in individual hutches until d 70. The calves were then transferred to a heifer barn, housed within treatment in pairs (2 calves/pen). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction (primarily concentrate in this fraction), and against the long particle fraction (solely forage in this fraction), whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43 % of forage and 57 % of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction, and against the long particle fraction, whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

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