ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: COMPARISON WITH HIGHER VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS, SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND ALFALFA FIBER ON INTAKE, ENVIRONMENT AND DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND DIGESTA PASSAGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NDLOVU ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Nine lambs fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two 5 × 5 Latin squares to measure the effect of alfalfa hay, C4- and C5-branched- and straight-chain volatile fatty acids (C4/C5 VFAs), cell wall from alfalfa hay (ALFCW) and a soybean protein preparation on intake and rumen digestion of a basal corncob diet with urea included at 30 g kg−1. Relative to the control, alfalfa hay decreased (P < 0.05) intake of the basal diet but increased (P < 0.05) total dry matter intake. ALFCW and soybean protein did not affect intake of the basal diet and total dry matter (P > 0.05). C4/C5 VFAs increased intake of basal diet by sheep in one square (P < 0.05) but had no effect (P > 0.05) on intake with sheep in the other square. Alfalfa hay, ALFCW and soybean protein increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration in rumen fluid while only alfalfa hay and C4/C5 VFAs consistently increased isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate levels in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control diet, soybean protein elevated (P < 0.05) mean rumen ammonia-N levels whereas C4/C5 VFAs depressed them; however, values exceeded 17 mg dL−1 rumen fluid on all treatments. Most measures of digestion kinetics of fiber from corncobs were unaffected by supplementation (P > 0.05). Alfalfa hay and ALFCW increased (P < 0.05) rate of passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa hay has a reduced role in improving intake of corncob diets when there is also sufficient NPN in the diet. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia levels, chromium-mordanted cell walls

scholarly journals Metagenomic Insights into Effects of Thiamine Supplementation on Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes’ Profile in Dairy Cows Fed High-Concentrate Diets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiguang Zhao ◽  
Fuguang Xue ◽  
Dengke Hua ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Xiaohua Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

As the co-enzyme of pyruvate formate-lyase under ruminal anaerobic condition, thiamine plays a critical role in carbohydrate metabolism in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of thiamine supplementation on ruminal carbohydrate-active enzymes. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments: control diet (CON; 20% starch, dry matter (DM) basis), high-concentrate diet (HC; 33.2% starch, DM basis) and a high-concentrate diet supplemented with 180 mg thiamine/kg DM (HCT; 33.2% starch, DM basis). Dry matter intake and milk production were recorded for 21 days. Rumen fluid samples were collected, and ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were measured. The metagenome sequencing technique was used to detect the genes in ruminal microorganisms and identify putative carbohydrate-active enzymes. The total abundances of carbohydrate-active enzymes and fiber-degrading enzymes were both reduced by HC with no effect on starch-degrading enzymes compared with CON. However, the fiber-degrading enzymes and starch-degrading enzymes were both increased after thiamine supplementation. These results indicated that 180 mg thiamine /kg DM might effectively improve rumen carbohydrate metabolism through increasing the abundance of ruminal carbohydrate-active enzymes and consequently balanced the rumen volatile fatty acids and rumen pH, providing a practical strategy in preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in cows offered HC.

scholarly journals Rumen fermentation and microbial population in lactating dairy cows receiving diets containing oilseeds rich in C-18 fatty acids

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
H. V. Petit ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
A.-D. G. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dietary Linoleic Acid ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Sixteen Holstein rumen-cannulated primiparous milking dairy cows were fed a control diet (CN) based on maize silage and soyabean meal during a 4-week period before the start of a 21-d experiment with oilseeds containing high concentration of linoleic acid (Linola™) or linolenic acid (NuLin™). Thereafter, four cows receivedad libitumone of each of four dietary treatments comprising of CN, Linola (LN), NuLin (NL) and LN/NL (50/50 % combination). Each LN, NL and LN/NL treatment contained 6 % oil of DM. Rumen digesta samples were collected on days 6, 11, 16 and 21 and milk samples on days 13, 15 and 17. There were no effects (P>0·05) of the oilseeds on pH and concentrations of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids, while the acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P< 0·05). The oilseeds also decreased (P< 0·05) protozoa and increased (P< 0·1) total cellulolytic bacteria in rumen fluid, especially when containing high dietary linoleic acid (P< 0·05). The milk protein concentration was increased (P< 0·1) by the dietary linoleic acid, which produced most beneficial results. It was concluded that supplements of linoleic acid in diets of ruminants might contribute to better digestion of dietary fibre and increased quality of milk.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. The flow of digesta to the abomasum and through the duodenum and terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep. Pelleted diets of concentrates, principally composed of barley, and of poor-quality hay were given. The seven Scottish Blackface ewes studied were all fitted with rumen cannulas, and in addition two had simple abomasal cannulas, one a re-entrant abomasal cannula, two re-entrant duodenal cannulas, and two re-entrant ileal cannulas.2. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The amounts of dry matter, starch, cellulose, total nitrogen and energy passing through the abomasum, duodenum and ileum and the amounts excreted in the faeces were measured. The flows of digesta were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide and the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract was calculated using these adjusted values. Concentrations of glucose in the blood and of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were also measured.3. For the concentrate diet, 69% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach (reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum), 17% in the smail intestine and 14% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 72% in the stomach, 23% in the small intestine and 5% in the large intestine. Of the 298 g starch fed daily only 6–35 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum and only 1–4 g reached the terminal ileum. The cellulose in the diet was poorly digested.4. For the hay diet, 67% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach, 22% in the small intestine and 11% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 81% in the stomach, 7% in the small intestine and 12% in the large intestine. Of the 33 g of starch consumed daily, from 5 to 13 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum. The cellulose in the hay was 59% digestible and virtually all this digestion took place in the stomach.5. The concentration of VFA and the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid, 2·5 h after feeding, were considerably greater on the concentrate diet than on the hay diet, but diet had little influence on the concentration of blood glucose.6. The importance of the small amount of starch passing to the sheep's small intestine is discussed.

Some effects of chloral hydrate on rumen fermentation and digestion in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mathers ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Long Chain

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out with adult sheep to investigate the effects of chloral hydrate (CH) on rumen metabolism and on the sites and extent of digestion.Experiment 1 confirmed that CH is a very potent methane inhibitor; doses of 1 or 4 g/day reduced methane production to 4% of that observed in the absence of the drug. In both experiments, CH administration altered the proportions of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. The main changes were an increase in propionic acid and a decrease in acetic acid with smaller increases in the proportion of isovaleric, valeric and caproic acids. Stoichiometric calculations indicated that only 21% of the hydrogen saved by prevention of methanogenesis was diverted to the synthesis of additional propionic and butyric acids and the fate of the remaining hydrogen was not determined unequivocally.CH had little effect on the extent of biohydrogenation in the rumen of the long-chain fatty acids in dried grass.The apparent digestibility of ether extract was reduced (P< 0·05) by CH but those of other proximate constituents and energy were little affected. There were no s gnificant effects of CH on the extent of digestion of dry matter, organic matter, non-ammonia nitrogen or ash between the mouth and abomasum, abomasum and terminal ileum or ileum and anus.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
R. S. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. Two young steers, aged approximately 6 months and each fitted with a rumen and an abomasal cannula, were used to measure the flow of digesta to the abomasum over periods of 24 h. A diet of concentrates, at two levels, and a diet of hay cubes were given to the steers. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was inserted into the rumen twice daily.2. The amount of digesta passing to the abomasum and the output of faeces were measured and the values were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide. Measurements were also made of concentrations of plasma glucose, of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in both the rumen and abomasal fluid, and of rumen fluid volume and outflow.3. About 60–80% of the digestible dry matter and of the digestible energy of both diets disappeared from the forestomach (reticulo-rumen and omasum). The amounts of starch flowing through the abomasum differed little between diets and ranged from 29 to 77 g daily.4. The volume of rumen fluid did not differ consistently between diets, but the outflow of fluid from the rumen was considerably higher when hay was given.5. Diet had little influence on plasma glucose but affected the concentrations and molar proportions of VFA in the rumen fluid, and to a lesser extent in the abomasal fluid.

A note on the use of whole, moist barley treated with ammonia as a feed supplement for sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Laksesvela
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Female Sheep

ABSTRACTWhole, moist barley treated with ammonia (A), whole, untreated barley (WU) and ground barley (G) were fed with hay and a little high protein, mixed concentrate. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and crude fibre, assessed with young adult female sheep, were highest in diet A and lowest in diet G. The digestibilities of dry matter and crude fibre were also higher in diet WU than in diet G. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and organic matter in barley, calculated by difference, appeared higher in A and in WU than in G. Young female sheep fed on the above diets from the age of 7 to 11 months ate more hay and gained more weight on A than on G; again diet WU was intermediate. Differences also occurred between the three groups as regards volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid. Sheep on A or WU had a higher pH in the rumen fluid than those on G. Finally, sheep on A gave birth to more offspring than those on WU or G. All these differences were significant.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED CATTLE MANURE USING SHEEP

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Daily Gain

Manure from a commercial feedlot was dehydrated at an alfalfa dehydration plant. The manure contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14.8% crude protein, 14% ash, 0.83% calcium, 0.69% phosphorus, 30.5% crude fiber, and 2.6% fat. About 45% of the DM in the manure was wheat straw bedding. Each of three pelleted rations: 50% hay 50% barley (HB); 50% manure 50% barley (MB); and 100% manure (M) was fed ad libitum to eight individually penned yearling wethers in a 38-day feeding trial. In addition to the manure pellets, lambs on ration M were fed 200 g/day alfalfa hay until intake of pellets exceeded 600 g/day, and 200 g/day barley during the first 28 days on test. A digestibility trial, five wethers per treatment, was conducted after the 38-day feeding trial. Mean daily DM intake during the feeding trial was 2,054, 1,714, 1,165 (pellets only) g and mean daily gain was 272, 148 and −57 g for rations HB, MB, and M, respectively. The corresponding values were 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for DM intake during the final 10 days of the feeding trial, 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7% for DM digestibility, and 70.9, 62.6, and 42.2 for nitrogen digestibility. Molar percent volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid of lambs on ration M were similar to those normally observed for high roughage rations. Molar percent acetic in rumen fluid of lambs on ration HB was greater (P < 0.05) and percent valeric lower (P < 0.05) than on ration MB. It was concluded that sheep will consume rations containing large amounts of dehydrated manure, but low digestibility of manure severely limits its value as a ration ingredient.

scholarly journals Effect of quantity and source of rumen nitrogen on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers consuming tropical forage

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Grass Hay

Low values for the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle consuming tropical forages are related to low rumen degradable crude protein (RDP) intakes. This study examined the effect on the EMPS of the quantity and source of nitrogen (N) supplied to the rumen of eight entire and four rumen-fistulated Brahman steers consuming mature tropical grass hay (57.3 g crude protein/kg DM). Four treatment diets were fed in a Latin square design and included a basal diet of mature pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha) hay (control) and hay plus supplements estimated to provide 150 g RDP/kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), as urea or casein, or 300 g RDP/kg DOMI as casein. The EMPS was only increased (P < 0.05) above that for the control diet (167 vs 123 g microbial crude protein (MCP)/kg DOMI) when RDP was provided at the highest rate of 293 g/kg DOMI. This increase was also associated with an ~4-fold increase in the concentration of NH3-N (277 vs 73 mg/L) and of branched-chain volatile fatty acids (44 vs 10 mmol/mol of total volatile fatty acids) in rumen fluid of the steers. However, the source of rumen degradable N (urea or casein) had no effect on the EMPS (109–115 g MCP/kg DOMI) when supplied at ~150 g RDP/kg DOMI. There was no effect of treatment on in vivo neutral detergent fibre digestibility (599 g/kg DM) or the rate (0.037/h) or extent (potential degradable fraction: 636 g/kg OM) of in sacco disappearance of pangola grass hay. In addition, rumen particle dilution rate was unaffected by treatment (0.022/h) and rumen fluid dilution rate, although showing some treatment differences (0.048–0.062/h), was poorly correlated with EMPS. It was concluded that only high amounts of RDP supply to the rumen, in the form of true protein, resulted in increased EMPS whereas at the lower intakes of RDP formulated to achieve EMPS in the range suggested in the feeding standards (130–170 g MCP/kg DOMI) there was no difference in providing the RDP as non-protein N or degradable-protein.

Effect of dietary monensin and tetronasin on rumen fermentation in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
R. J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Effects

Tetronasin is an ionophore which improves feed conversion efficiency in ruminants (Bartleet al, 1988). Its nutritional effects are at least partly derived from its influence on nitrogen and energy metabolism in the rumen. The mode of action of tetronasin is therefore similar to monensin and although it is more potent than monensin, it has a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity (Newboldet al, 1988). The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the inclusion of tetronasin or monensin in the diet on the rumen fermentation.Three mature sheep weighing approximately 50 kg and fitted with rumen cannulae were fed 1 kg/d of a mixed diet of hay, barley, molasses, fishmeal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg dry matter respectively) in two equal meals. A control diet (no addition, C), tetronasin (10 ppm in the diet, T) or monensin (33 ppm, M) were compared in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Periods were 28 days long with samples taken on two consecutive days during the last 5 days. Samples of rumen fluid were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning feed for the determination of pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) L-lactic acid and ammonia concentrations.

scholarly journals Effect of dietarysupplementation with treated amaranth seeds on fermentation parameters in an artificial rumen

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kubelková ◽  
D. Jalč ◽  
P. Homolka ◽  
B. Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The rumen simulating technique (RUSITEC) was used to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of amaranth seeds on the rumen fermentation and the concentration of fatty acids (FA) in fermentation fluid. Four fermentation vessels of the RUSITEC were used. The control diet (C) consisted of 70% meadow hay and 30% barley meal, whereas 10% of barley meal was replaced by milled (A<sub>mill</sub>), mechanically ground (A<sub>gr</sub>), and ground after heating in a microwave amaranth seeds (A<sub>heat+gr</sub>) in other experimental vessels, respectively. All diets were isonitrogenous (11% of crude protein). With degradability of dry matter (DM) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) not affected (P &gt; 0.05), degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly decreased by the inclusion of A<sub>mill</sub> (P &lt; 0.001) and A<sub>heat+gr</sub> (P &lt; 0.05). Heating, compared to milling, decreased degradation of crude protein (CP) and addition of amaranth seeds generally increased production of microbial nitrogen. Production of fermentation gasses, methane, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) was not affected by changes in composition of diets. Addition of amaranth seeds in a milled form (A<sub>mill</sub>) caused a significant decrease in concentrations of acetate and propionate and growth in concentrations of butyrate, iso-valerate, and caproate. No effect (P &gt; 0.05), compared to C, was found on the percentage of saturated or unsaturated FA, but changes in concentrations of some FA were observed. An absence of any detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation patterns indicated that grain amaranth seeds can partially substitute for the barley in ruminant nutrition.

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