scholarly journals The uptake and metabolism of retinol, retinoic acid and methyl retinoate by the early chick embryo

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 899-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Morgan ◽  
J. N. Thompson ◽  
G. A. J. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Radioactive Substance ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Uptake And Metabolism ◽  
Very High

1. Fertile eggs deficient in vitamin A were obtained by feeding hens a diet deficient in retinol (vitamin A alcohol) but containing methyl retinoate.2. Radioactive retinol was injected into the albumen of three of these eggs at a level of 2 μg [6,7-14C]retinol/egg. After 5 days' incubation, 4.6–8.3% of the injected material was recovered in the lipid of the embryo, representing a four- to nine-fold concentration into the embryo from the albumen. Approximately 40–50% of this was unchanged retinol, 15–20% retin-aldehyde and 20–30% probably a long-chain fatty acid retinyl ester. The early embryo can, therefore, metabolize vitamin A very effectively.3. [6,7-14C]Retinoic acid (2 μg) was injected into normal fertile eggs, killing most of the embryos. The eggs with dead embryos were analysed; 0.24% and 0.33% of the injected material was recovered from the embryos. Two embryos which developed contained 0.51% and 0.53% of the injected dose. In no instance was any material identified other than retinoic acid. The extremely low amounts of retinoic acid absorbed by the embryos emphasize the very high toxicity of retinoic acid to the early chick embryo.4. [6,7-14C]Methyl retinoate (0.5 μg) was injected into each of four normal eggs; 8.5–11.6% was isolated as unchanged methyl retinoate after 5 days; no other radioactive substance was detected.

Biological Activity of Retinoic Acid Ester in the Domestic Fowl : Production of Vitamin A Deficiency in the Early Chick Embryo

Nature ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 205 (4975) ◽  
pp. 1006-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. THOMPSON ◽  
J. McC. HOWELL ◽  
G. A. J. PITT ◽  
CATHERINE I. HOUGHTON
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency Masked by Extreme Prematurity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli C. Lund ◽  
Brian Scottoline ◽  
Brian K. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Extreme Prematurity ◽  
Liver Insufficiency ◽  
Acylcarnitine Translocase ◽  
Multiple Episodes ◽  
Very High ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractCarnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency is a rare disorder of long chain fatty acid oxidation with a very high mortality rate due to cardiomyopathy or multiorgan failure. We present the course of a very premature infant with early onset CACT deficiency complicated by multiple episodes of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and liver insufficiency, followed by eventual demise. The complications of prematurity, potentiated by the overlay of CACT deficiency, contributed to the difficulty of reaching the ultimate diagnosis of CACT deficiency.

scholarly journals Complementary Domains of Retinoic Acid Production and Degradation in the Early Chick Embryo

1999 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Swindell ◽  
Christina Thaller ◽  
Shanthini Sockanathan ◽  
Martin Petkovich ◽  
Thomas M. Jessell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

The effects of retinoic acid on heart formation in the early chick embryo

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Osmond ◽  
A.J. Butler ◽  
F.C. Voon ◽  
R. Bellairs
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Precardiac Mesoderm ◽  
Heart Formation

The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid has previously been shown to have teratogenic effects on heart development in mammalian embryos. The craniomedial migration of the precardiac mesoderm during the early stages of heart formation is thought to depend on a gradient of extracellular fibronectin associated with the underlying endoderm. Here, the effects of retinoic acid on migration of the precardiac mesoderm have been investigated in the early chick embryo. When applied to the whole embryo in culture, the retinoid inhibits the craniomedial migration of the precardiac mesoderm resulting in a heart tube that is stunted cranially, while normal or enlarged caudally. Similarly, a local application of retinoic acid to the heart-forming area disrupts the formation of the cardiogenic crescent and the subsequent development of a single mid-line heart tube. This effect is analogous to removing a segment of endoderm and mesoderm across the heart-forming area and results in various degrees of cardia bifida. At higher concentrations of retinoic acid and earlier developmental stages, two completely separate hearts are produced, while at lower concentrations and later stages there are partial bifurcations. The controls, in which the identical operation is carried out except that dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is used instead of the retinoid, are almost all normal. We propose that one of the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid on the heart is to disrupt the interaction between precardiac cells and the extracellular matrix thus inhibiting their directed migration on the endodermal substratum.

The distribution of endogenous retinoic acid in the chick embryo: implications for developmental mechanisms

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (21) ◽  
pp. 4133-4144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maden ◽  
E. Sonneveld ◽  
P.T. van der Saag ◽  
E. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
F9 Cells ◽  
Chick Embryogenesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Very High

The aim of these experiments was to determine the endogenous distribution of retinoic acid (RA) across a wide range of embryonic stages in the chick embryo. By high pressure liquid chromatography, it was revealed that didehydroRA is the most prevalent retinoic acid in the chick embryo and that the tissues of the stage 24 embryo differed widely in their total RA content (didehydroRA + all-trans-RA). Some tissues such as the heart had very little RA and some such as the neural tube had very high levels, the total variation between these two being 29-fold. We showed that these tissues also synthesised RA and released it into the medium, thus validating the use of the F9 reporter cell system for further analyses of younger staged embryos. With these F9 cells, we showed that, at stage 4, the posterior end of the embryo had barely detectably higher levels of RA than the anterior end, but that a significant level of RA generation was detected as soon as somitogenesis began. Then a sharp on/off boundary of RA was present at the level of the first somite. We could find no evidence for a posterior-to-anterior gradient of RA. Throughout further development, various consistent observations were made: the developing brain did not generate RA, but the spinal part of the neural tube generated it at very high levels so there must be a sharp on/off boundary in the region of the hindbrain/spinal cord junction; the mesenchyme surrounding the hindbrain generated RA whereas the hindbrain itself did not; there was a variation in RA levels from the midline outwards with the highest levels of RA in the spinal neural tube followed by lower levels in the somites followed by lower levels in the lateral plate; the posterior half of the limb bud generated higher levels than the anterior half. With these observations, we were able to draw maps of endogenous RA throughout these early stages of chick embryogenesis and the developmental implications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals The biological activity of retinoic acid in the domestic fowl and the effects of vitamin A deficiency on the chick embryo

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Thampson ◽  
J. McC. Howell ◽  
G. A. J. Pitt ◽  
Catherine I. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Vitamin A Acid

1. Male and female chickens were reared from hatching on vitamin A-free diets, either unsupplemented or containing retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), methyl retinoate or retinyl acetate (vitamin A acetate). The birds given retinyl acetate grew well and had a normal appearance, but those given the unsupplemented diet died before 4 weeks of age after developing typical signs of avitaminosis A. The birds given retinoic acid or methyl retinoate did not show overt signs of vitamin A deficiency or other abnormalities except for a progressive failure of vision. Minimal histological changes were found in their retinas, and their vision was rapidly restored after feeding with retinyl acetate.2. The cocks maintained with retinoic acid or methyl retinoate had normal testes and the hens laid eggs at a normal rate, but although their eggs could be obtained fertile the development of the embryo became abnormal after 2 days incubation and it always died. The development of the embryos could be stimulated and sometimes restored to normal by injection of various forms of vitamin A into the eggs before incubation, or by previous administration of retinyl acetate to the hens.3. It is concluded that feeding retinoic acid as the sole source of vitamin A enables the hen to produce eggs that lack vitamin A but are otherwise normal, thus permitting the demonstration of a hitherto undescribed requirement of the early chick embryo for vitamin A.4. The toxicity of vitamin A derivatives to chick embryos was investigated; injected retinoic acid was found to be extremely toxic.

Dynamics of fatty acid regulatory genes during ovarian development in Penaeus monodon

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pacharawan Deenarn ◽  
Punsa Tobwor ◽  
Rungnapa Leelatanawit ◽  
Somjai Wongtriphop ◽  
Jutatip Khudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Eyestalk Ablation ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Expression Levels

The delay in ovarian maturation in farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has resulted in the widespread practice of feeding broodstock with the polychaetes Perinereis nuntia and their unilateral eyestalk ablation. Although this practice alters fatty acid content in shrimp ovaries and hepatopancreas, its effects on fatty acid regulatory genes have yet to be systematically examined. Here, microarray analysis was performed on hepatopancreas and ovary cDNA collected from P. monodon at different ovarian maturation stages, revealing that 72 and 58 genes in fatty acid regulatory pathways were differentially expressed in hepatopancreas and ovaries respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ovarian maturation was associated with higher expression levels of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA oxidase 3 and long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 in hepatopancreas, whereas the expression levels of 15 fatty acid regulatory genes were increased in shrimp ovaries. To distinguish the effects of different treatments, transcriptional changes were examined in P. monodon with stage 1 ovaries before polychaete feeding, after one-month of polychaete feeding and after eyestalk ablation. Polychaete feeding resulted in lower expression levels of enoyl-CoA hydratase and acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4, while the expression level of phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 was higher in shrimp hepatopancreas and ovaries. Additionally, eyestalk ablation resulted in a higher expression level of long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 in both tissues. Together, our findings describe the dynamics of fatty acid regulatory pathways during crustacean ovarian development and provide potential target genes for alternatives to eyestalk ablation in the future.

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